echemi logo
Product
  • Product
  • Supplier
  • Inquiry
    Home > Active Ingredient News > Immunology News > 2020 Final Inventory: Interpretation of the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine

    2020 Final Inventory: Interpretation of the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine

    • Last Update: 2021-01-21
    • Source: Internet
    • Author: User
    Search more information of high quality chemicals, good prices and reliable suppliers, visit www.echemi.com
    December 18, 2020//--- Every year, in the field of life sciences and medicine, a number of important awards are awarded in recognition of scientists who have made important contributions in this field.
    these awards, the Nobel Prize in the field of natural sciences is particularly prized.
    addition, the Science Breakthrough Award and the Rask Prize are well known.
    In 2020 footsteps are about to go away, 2021 wave coming days, let us 2020 announced the relevant awards for a simple comb, this issue will introduce you to the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine, I hope you like.
    October 5, 2020 at 17:30 BST, the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was announced, with Harvey J. Alter from the National Institutes of Health, Michael Houghton of the University of Alberta in Canada and Charles M. Rice of Rockefeller University in the United States awarded for revealing the hepatitis C virus and its association with hepatitis.
    is a global health problem that can lead to cirrhosis and even liver cancer.
    Harvey J. Alter, a scientist at the National Institutes of Health in the United States, Michael Houghton, a scientist at the University of Alberta, and Charles M. Rice, a scientist at Rockefeller University, first discovered the hepatitis C virus( later known as "hepatitis C virus").
    In previous studies, the successive findings of hepatitis A and B viruses continue to drive research in the field of hemolytic hepatitis, but most blood-based infections are still unsolvable, and the discovery of hepatitis C virus reveals the causes of other chronic hepatitis viruses, but also makes the development of blood testing techniques and new drugs possible, in the future or is expected to help save millions of lives.
    the specific content of the Nobel Prize has been specially reported before, and this article will focus on the three winners' lives and research content.
    Harvey J. Alter was born in New York in 1935.
    received his medical degree from the University of Rochester School of Medicine and medical training at Strong Memorial Hospital and The University Hospital of Seattle.
    1961, he came to the National Institutes of Health as a clinical assistant.
    then, after several years at Georgetown University, he returned to NIH in 1969 to become a senior researcher in the Department of Transfusion Medicine at the Clinical Center, director of the Infectious Diseases Department at the NIH Clinical Center and deputy director of research in the Department of Transfusion Medicine.
    1964, as a young researcher, Dr. Alter and Dr. Baruch Blumberg discovered the "Australian antigen", the key to detecting the hepatitis B virus.
    , he pioneered a project at a clinical center that created a blood sample bank to identify the cause and reduce the risk of hepatitis associated with blood transfusions.
    based on Dr. Alter's research, the U.S. pioneered the Available Blood Screening Program, which successfully reduced the risk of hepatitis from 30 percent previously to near zero risk3.
    mid-1970s, Dr. Alter et al. first discovered that most of the infectious hepatitis that occurs as a result of blood transfusions is not hepatitis A or hepatitis B.
    , Dr. Alter worked with Bob Purcell et al. to demonstrate the existence of a new type of hepatitis, originally named "non-A, non-B", through research into chimpanzees.
    work eventually led to the discovery of the hepatitis C virus4.
    1988, alter team verified the presence of the new hepatitis virus by verifying the specimen5.
    April 1989, two articles in the journal Science revealed the new virus and renamed it hepatitis C 6-7.
    in 2000, Dr. Alter Arter was awarded the Rask Prize for Clinical Medicine Research, and in 2002 he became the first clinical scientist to be elected a fellow of the National Academy of Sciences.
    2008, he was appointed NIH Distinguished Fellow.
    2013, Dr. Alter was awarded the Distinguished Canadian Geldner International Award for his important contribution to the detection and isolation of the hepatitis C virus8.
    Michael Houghton was born in the UK.
    received his Ph.D. from King's College London in 1977.
    he joined GD Searle and Company in 1982 and Chiron in Emoryville, California, in 1982.
    joined the University of Alberta in 2010 and is currently President of Excellence in Virology and Professor of Virology in Canada.
    li Ka-shing director of the Institute of Applied Virology.
    While working at Chiron, Dr. Houghton, along with colleagues Qui-Lim Choo and George Kuo, and Daniel W. Bradley of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, used complementary DNA pools from plasma containing non-A and non-B hepatitis patients to successfully obtain and firm DNA fragments of the HCV RNA genome, marking the first discovery of evidence of HCV's existence9.
    , however, the study was challenged by its failure to prove the pathogenicity of HCV.
    and colleagues then developed a method for detecting HCV in blood samples.
    between 1989 and 1990, a series of groundbreaking studies published by Dr. Houghton identified antibodies to the hepatitis C virus in the blood, especially in patients at higher risk of developing the disease, including 10-12 patients receiving blood transfusions.
    work led to the development of blood screening tests in 1990.
    began in 1992, blood screening began to be widespread and more sensitive tests were developed, effectively eliminating the risk of hepatitis C infection in Canadian blood donations.
    other studies published over the same period, Houghton and his collaborators linked hepatitis C to liver cancer13.
    2013, Dr. Houghton's team demonstrated that vaccines derived from a single strain of hepatitis C are effective against all strains.
    2020, the vaccine is in preclinical trial 15.
    Charles M. Rice was born in Sacramento in 1952.
    received his Ph.D. from caltech in 1981 and received postdoctoral training from 1981 to 1985.
    founded the research team at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis in 1986 and became a full professor in 1995.
    has been a professor at Rockefeller University in New York since 2001.
    , he served as Science and Executive Director of the Hepatitis C Research Center at Rockefeller University from 2001 to 2018.
    hepatitis C or hepatitis B virus has now infected millions of people and can cause liver cancer and liver failure.
    , other RNA viruses (such as Zika virus, yellow fever, dengue fever, chikungi and SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus) also have a very serious risk of pathogenicity and death.
    , Rice's lab is working to understand virus replication and limit the innity of infection.
    his team is also developing new in-body cultures and animal models to facilitate this work.
    many viruses are resistant to conventional culture methods and require creative new ways to study them.
    , Rice pioneered new methods for growing and studying the hepatitis C virus (HCV), including mouse models with humanized livers.
    the mouse could be used to study in vivo replication of HCV and test candidate drugs in animal models, which is groundbreaking for the development of antiviral drugs currently used to treat HCV.
    addition, the fight against viral infections is still very dependent on vaccines.
    team built the first immune model of HCV-infected mice, paving the way for vaccine development and HCV-related liver cancer research.
    hepatitis B virus (HBV) can also cause cirrhosis and liver cancer, Rice's team is now using humanized mice and new in-body culture methods to study the relationship between HBV infection and disease.
    this work reveals new strategies for cccDNA and other key HBV lifecycle steps.
    addition, rice teams continue to develop new technologies, such as 3D and cultures that induce erythmatic stem cell sources, to study the mechanisms of infection with HCV, HBV and other viruses.
    also used human liver mice to study the role of diet and human genetics in the development of noncommunicable liver lesions20.
    (Bioon.com) Resources: 1. Harvey J. Alter. Wikipiedia2. "The NIH Almanac". Department of Health and Human Services. National Institutes of Health. June 4, 2009. Retrieved October 20, 2009.3. "2005 NIH profile". Archived from the original on March 29, 2006. Retrieved April 21, 2006.4.Tabor, E.; et al. (1978). "Transmission of non A, non B hepatitis from man to chimpanzees". The Lancet. 311 (8062): 463–466. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(78)90132-0. PMID 76018. S2CID 27675695.5.Alter.pdf Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine6. Kuo, G.; Choo, Q. L.; Alter, H. J.; Gitnick, G. L. (1989). "An assay for circulating antibodies to a major etiologic virus of human non-A, non-B hepatitis". Science. 244 (1989 Apr 21, 244(4902):362-4): 362–4. Bibcode:1989Sci... 244..362K. doi:10.1126/science.2496467. PMID 2496467.7. Choo, Q. L.; Kuo, G; Weiner, A. J.; Overby, L. R. (1989). "Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome". Science. 244 (1989 Apr 21, 244(4902):359-62): 359–62. Bibcode:1989Sci... 244..359C. doi:10.1126/science.2523562. PMID 2523562.8. Harvey J. Alter. Wikipiedia9. Houghton, M (2009). "The long and winding road leading to the identification of the hepatitis C virus". J. Hepatol. 51 (5): 939–948. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2009.08.004. PMID 19781804.10. Esteban, JI; Viladomiu, L; Bonzalez, A; Roget, M; Genesca, J; Guardia, J; Esteban, R; Lopez-Talavera, JC; Hernandez, JM; Vargas, V; Buti, M; Kuo, G; Choo, Q-L; Houghton, M (1989). "Hepatitis C virus antibodies among risk groups in Spain". Lancet. 334 (8658): 294–297. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(89)90485-6. PMID 2569102. S2CID 23825621.11. Van Der Poel, CL; Ressi
    This article is an English version of an article which is originally in the Chinese language on echemi.com and is provided for information purposes only. This website makes no representation or warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, as to the accuracy, completeness ownership or reliability of the article or any translations thereof. If you have any concerns or complaints relating to the article, please send an email, providing a detailed description of the concern or complaint, to service@echemi.com. A staff member will contact you within 5 working days. Once verified, infringing content will be removed immediately.

    Contact Us

    The source of this page with content of products and services is from Internet, which doesn't represent ECHEMI's opinion. If you have any queries, please write to service@echemi.com. It will be replied within 5 days.

    Moreover, if you find any instances of plagiarism from the page, please send email to service@echemi.com with relevant evidence.