29, 2021 in the journal Science

January 30, 2021 // --- This week, a new issue of Science (January 29, 2021) was published. Let the little editor come with us.
images from the Journal of Science.
1.Science Paper Interpretation! Revealing the use of newly developed ExSeq sequencing technology to determine the location of RNA in cells doi:10.1126/science.aax2656 In a new study, researchers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard Medical School in the United States used a new tissue expansion technique to design a method to mark messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules in tissue samples and then sequence mRNA.
study was published in the January 29, 2021 issue of the journal Science, under the title "Expansion sequencing: Spatially precise in situ transcriptomics in biological systems."
this approach provides a unique snapshot of which genes are expressed in different parts of the cell and allows scientists to learn more about how gene expression is affected by the cell's location or its interactions with nearby cells.
technique can also be used to map cells in the brain or other tissues and classify them according to their function. "Gene expression is one of the most fundamental processes in all biology, and it works in all healthy and disease-related biological processes," said
co-author Ed Boyden, a professor of neurotechnology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and co-author of the paper.
, however, you need to know more than just whether genes are turned on or off.
you want to know the location of the gene product.
you're concerned about what type of cell they belong to, what cells they work in, and even which part of the cell they work in.
.2.ScienceDaily Inhibition of 15-PGDH protein allows older mice's muscles to return to old children doi:10.1126/science.abc8059; Doi:10.1126/science.abf9566 In a new study, researchers from Stanford University School of Medicine in the United States found that blocking the activity of a protein in older mice for a month restores the mass and strength of their atrophy muscles and helps them run longer on treadmills.
, increasing the expression of this protein in young mice can lead to muscle atrophy and weakening.
results were published online December 10, 2020 in the journal Science under the title "Addion of prostaglandin-degrading 15-PGDH rejuvenates age muscle mass and strength".
improvement is significant," said Dr. Helen Blau, a professor of microbiology and immunology at Stanford University School of Medicine and lead author of the paper.
a month of treatment, older mice became about 15 to 20 percent stronger, and their muscle fibers looked like muscles in younger mice.
considering that humans lose about 10 percent of their muscle strength every 10 years after they are about 50 years old, that's remarkable.
" protein has not previously been shown to be associated with aging.
researchers found that the protein, called 15-PGDH, increases in aging muscles and is widely expressed in other older tissues.
their experiments in human tissue offer hope for future treatments for muscle weakness as people age.
3.Science: How does a new study map the development of inhibitory neuron circuits in the cerebral cortical layer: 10.1126/science.abb4534 build a network of neurons that are more complex than anything known today? In a new study, researchers from the Max Planck Brain Institute in Germany mapped the development of inhibitory neuron circuits and reported finding unique circuit formation principles.
their findings allow scientists to monitor changes in the structure of neuron networks over time, capturing the moments when individuals grow and adapt to the environment.
results were published online December 3, 2020 in the journal Science under the title "Postnatal connectomic development of the insedion in mouse barrel cortex".
scientists are beginning to better understand the complexity of the network of neurons found in our brains and animals.
, however, was such a precise and intricate neuron circuit first built? We know how neurons are born, how they travel to places in gray mass, and how they grow and differentiate.
But trillions of synapses--- neurons "talk" to each other through these complex contact points --- usually unfold in highly precise locations, forming networks of our brains, how and by what rules? For the study, moritz Helmstaedter, co-author of the paper and director of the Max Planck Brain Institute, and his team analyzed 13 three-dimensional data sets from the skin of mice at different stages of development: the point in time after birth that corresponded to human infants, children, adolescents, and youth.
they used a method called "connectomics" to map neuron circuits found in the grays of the cerebral cortical cortical sphere, where most brain synapses are present in the grays of the cerebral cortical sphere.
by focusing on synapses of a class of nerve cells called intermediate neurons, they were able to track the development of these specific types of nerve cells choosing synaptic partners.
it is well known that intermediate neurons inhibit the activity of other neurons in a highly specific way.
4.Science:Revealing Protein NRLP1 Specific Identification Double-Chain RNA to Detect Viral Infection Mechanism doi:1 10.1126/science.abd0811 In a new study, Veit Hornung of the University of Munich in Germany and his team confirmed that a protein found in skin cells called NRLP1 identifies specific nucleic acid intermediates formed during viral replication.
this recognition process then induces a powerful inflammatory response.
results were published online November 26, 2020 in the journal Science under the title "Human NLRP1 is a sensor for double-stranded RNA."
ability to distinguish between the self and potentially harmful non-self is essential for the integrity and survival of the organism.
in most organisms, the so-called innate immune system is responsible for identifying such intruders (non-self).
proteins that perform this task are a class of proteins called inflammasome sensors.
activated, these sensing proteins form inflammatory complexes and trigger a series of inflammatory reactions that in some cases can lead to the death of infected cells.
In the new study, Hornung's team, in collaboration with colleagues at the Technical University of Munich and the Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry, has now confirmed that one such sensor protein found in skin cells binds directly to specific molecular structures produced during the replication of certain RNA viruses.
new findings underscore the importance of corted cells as a barrier against invading pathogens.
5.Science: The penetration of charged polymers into carbon nanotube yarns doi:10.1126/science.abc4538 carbon nanotube yarns can be used as electrochemical inductors, because the penetration of ions can lead to length contraction and diameter expansion.
both positive and negative ions can cause this effect.
Chu et al. built an all-solid muscle that eliminated the need for electrolyte baths, which could expand its application potential.
by penetrating the charged polymer into the carbon nanotube yarn, the carbon nanotube yarn begins to partially expand, thus increasing the length through the loss of ions.
this makes it possible to increase the total travel of the muscles.
addition, these composites increase in travel as the scanning speed increases.
6.Science: Exploring individual differences in the naked mole population doi:10.1126/science.abc6588; doi:10.1126/science.abf7962 Naked Moles are known for their group lifestyle and live in a group consisting of many working mice and a breeding rat.
little is known about how individuals in these groups interact in such a complex group of partners.
by Barker and others, the individual's calls, especially the common chirp calls, convey a message specific to the animal population.
group differences are cultural, not genetic, and are related to the post-rat population: cross-breeding cubs adopt the dialects of their breeding populations, which change as the rats change.
7.Science: Recent tropical cyclone migration to the coast doi:10.1126/science.abb9038; Doi:10.1126/science.abg3651 Tropical cyclones are becoming stronger and occurring at higher latitudes than in the past.
Wang and Toumi report that since 1982, cyclones' maximum intensity points have also moved closer to land, reducing their distance by about 30 km per decade as their path drifts towards the polar and western margins.
change could increase the risk of tropical cyclones to coastal populations.
8.Science: Immunogenic doi:10.1126/science.aax8819 for MAIT cell-active enhanced adenovirus vector vaccine; doi:10.1126/science.abf8121 Mucous membrane-related immutable T-cells (Mucosal-associated invariant T cell, MAIT) are T-cell subpopons that are important for mucous membrane stabilization.
cells can identify vitamin B2 prebiotics derived from the microbiome, but can also be activated by certain cytokines in the event of a viral infection.
provine et al. report that ChAdOx1, a leading adenovirus vector vaccine, activates MAIT cells in immune mice.
this activation requires interferon-α, produced by plasma-like dendritic cells, as well as single-nucleocyte-derived leume interleton-18 (IL-18) and tumor necrotologists.
MAIT cell activation was positively related to vaccine-mediated T-cell response in human subjects, and mice lacking MAIT cells had impaired Immunity to target antigen CD8-T cells after vaccination.
the study suggests an additional way to improve the effectiveness of the vaccine.
9.Science: Early plant organic matter increased global land mud deposits by enhancing flocculation: 10.1126/science.abd0379 Rocks such as slate and shale formed from mud suddenly began appearing in geological records about 450 million years ago.
appeared to occur at about the same time as some plants, it seems to suggest that plant roots were involved in the formation of these ubiquitous rocks.
Zeichner and others have found a different way to make the flocs needed for mud rock.
by analogy, the authors found that plant organic matter alone was sufficient to form flocs ---smick silt and clay particles--- which were needed to deposit mud rocks.
this observation may explain why these rocks occur where the plant roots are not deep.
（ Bioon.com）