Accelerate the legislative work on the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources and comprehensively improve the level of comprehensive utilization of non-ferrous metal mineral resources

Comprehensive utilization of mineral resources is an important measure to promote the construction of ecological civilization, an important way to promote the transformation of resource utilization, and at the same time, it is also an effective means to alleviate the shortage of resources in our country.
my country has always attached great importance to the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources.
Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the Party Central Committee has taken the adherence to green recycling and low-carbon development as the basic approach to the construction of ecological civilization.
The report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China also proposed "promoting comprehensive resource conservation and recycling", which raised the importance of comprehensive utilization of resources to a higher strategic height.
The "Mineral Resources Law of the People's Republic of China" clearly stipulates that while mining the main minerals, the symbiotic and associated minerals with industrial value shall be planned in a unified manner, comprehensively mined, and comprehensively utilized to prevent waste; for the temporary non-comprehensive mining or must be mined at the same time For the minerals that cannot be comprehensively utilized for the time being and the tailings containing useful components, effective protective measures should be taken to prevent loss and destruction.
The "Resource Tax Law of the People's Republic of China" also clearly stipulates that if taxpayers mine co-associated mines, low-grade mines, and tailings, provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities may decide to exempt or reduce resource tax.
In addition, the "Environmental Protection Law", "Solid Waste Pollution Prevention Law", "Circular Economy Promotion Law", "Mineral Resources Law Implementation Rules" and other laws and regulations also have relevant comprehensive utilization of resources.
However, my country has not yet promulgated a law and regulation specifically for the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources.
This has led to the problem of overlapping content between these laws and regulations, and there have also been inconsistencies in concepts and implementation standards, and some are even in the process of implementation.
Increasing the burden of comprehensive utilization of enterprises.
Therefore, it is urgent to issue a targeted "Law on the Comprehensive Utilization of Mineral Resources" to further promote the comprehensive conservation and recycling of my country's mineral resources.
The author will discuss some superficial understandings from the progress of the comprehensive utilization of non-ferrous metal mineral resources in my country, the main problems that exist, and the current legislation on the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources.
Progress in the comprehensive utilization of non-ferrous metal mineral resources inChina.
Progress in the comprehensive utilization of non-ferrous metal mineral resources in China.
In recent years, China’s non-ferrous metal mining enterprises have actively carried out work related to the conservation and comprehensive utilization of mineral resources, in the development and utilization of difficult-to-mine and complex non-ferrous metal mines, Significant achievements have been made in the comprehensive utilization of tailings resources, the recycling of solid waste, the recycling of low-grade ore, and the recycling of rare and precious metals.
1.
The technical level of comprehensive utilization equipment for non-ferrous metal mineral resources is greatly improved.
1.
The technical level of comprehensive utilization equipment for non-ferrous metal mineral resources is greatly improved.
In terms of mining and dressing technology and equipment technology, non-ferrous metal mines are in charge of filling mining, waste-free mining, and deep well mining.
Great progress has been made in the mining of high-altitude, low-grade mineral deposits, open-pit and underground joint mining and other technologies, and major technological breakthroughs have been made in some areas.
For example, in the development of high-altitude and low-grade mines, the Pulang copper mine, the largest underground mine in China, is located in the Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in the northwest of Yunnan Province, with an altitude of 3,600 meters to 4,200 meters.
The average copper ore grade is about 0.
6%.
It belongs to high-altitude, low-grade mines.
The natural caving mining technology adopted in the mine design includes many advanced technologies and equipment in the world such as mining, beneficiation and tailings.
The waste rock produced by the mine is transported by car to the collapse pit for backfilling, increasing the thickness of the surface cover, eliminating the waste rock yard, and realizing no waste rock yard mining; the production waste water of the entire project production process is not discharged, and reused to realize the waste water.
"Zero" emissions; and for the first time in domestic non-ferrous metal mines, air source heat pump technology is used to extract the waste heat of mine return air to preheat the mine air intake, meeting the requirements of mine air intake in high-cold areas, and has significant energy-saving effects.
      In the beneficiation technology of low-grade refractory ore, complex refractory ore, and polymetallic refractory ore, master the key technology of metal ore beneficiation of tungsten, molybdenum, tin, gold, nickel, tantalum and niobium, which has played a significant role in the sustainable development of the non-ferrous metal industry.
Leading and supporting role.
For example, in the recycling of low-grade scheelite, China Molybdenum Group has been testing and researching the comprehensive recovery technology of scheelite since 1980.
After more than 20 years of continuous research and development and exploration, it achieved a breakthrough in 2001 and developed the "normal temperature roughing, The new technology for the selection of coarse concentrate after heating and de-drugging has enabled my country's scheelite beneficiation technology to reach the international leading level and solved the problem of high-efficiency utilization of low-grade scheelite mineral resources.
According to the statistics of China Tungsten Industry Association, my country's scheelite concentrate output will account for 69% in 2020, an increase of 37 percentage points from 2002.
It has made contributions to safeguarding national resource security and supporting the development of strategic emerging industries.
      In terms of comprehensive utilization of tailings, the main domestic approach is to fill the goaf with tailings.
Filling the goaf with tailings can not only control the underground goaf and avoid surface subsidence and safety hazards caused by the goaf, but also increase the recovery rate, use a large amount of tailings waste, and reduce the adverse impact of mine waste on the environment.
In recent years, the development of tailings filling technology has become more mature, and it has been successfully applied to the management of goafs in many underground mining companies.
At the same time, domestic backbone non-ferrous metal mines have begun to build tailings-free mines.
For example, Fankou lead-zinc mine has adopted the comprehensive technology of tailings recovery and filling utilization.
The tailings recovery and filling utilization rate has increased from 48.
79% in 2003 to more than 76% at present, which greatly improved the tailings utilization level.
In 2019, Fankou lead-zinc mine The mine has implemented a comprehensive recovery of tailings resources and environmental management and development projects.
After the completion of the project, the Fankou Lead-Zinc Mine will achieve "zero" discharge of tailings, laying a solid foundation for the smooth exit of the tailings pond in 2025.
       In terms of the comprehensive utilization of waste rock in non-ferrous metal mines, most non-ferrous metal mines currently carry out comprehensive utilization of waste rock.
Through technological transformation, most mine waste rocks are filled in situ by mining enterprises to reduce the impact of waste rocks on the surface ecological environment.
At the same time, the underground goaf is filled with tailings and waste rocks to gradually achieve a balance of mining and filling, which is effective Control ground pressure activity.
Some companies use waste rock that meets the building material standards during the mining process to produce machine-made sand and gravel, and part of the waste rock is used for roadbed paving or site leveling in the quarry or for external sale.
       In terms of the recovery of rare and precious metals, most of the rare and precious metals in my country, such as germanium, rhenium, gallium, bismuth, rubidium, cesium, cobalt, platinum group, etc.
, are extracted through comprehensive utilization.
For example, Jinchuan Nickel Mine is one of the world's famous multi-metal symbiosis large-scale copper-nickel sulfide mines.
The nickel ore resources account for 36% of the domestic identified resource reserves, and there are more than 20 associated elements.
Through more than 10 years of joint scientific and technological research, Jinchuan nickel-copper mine has recycled 13 kinds of associated beneficial elements.
It is a platinum group metal production base in my country, and the recycling process has reached the international advanced level.
Another example is the recovery of associated germanium resources.
Yunnan Chihong Zinc and Germanium Co.
, Ltd.
invested 300 million yuan to implement a 30 tons/year lead-zinc mine associated metal germanium resource comprehensive utilization project.
The project is listed as a high-tech industrial upgrading project.
One of the important projects, the National Development and Reform Commission included in the "recycling economy and resource conservation major demonstration projects.
"       2.
non-ferrous metals comprehensive utilization of mineral resources management is gradually strengthened        2.
non-ferrous mineral resources comprehensive utilization management is gradually strengthened        First, increase the development of mineral resources integration efforts, a number of key tasks to complete the integration of mining, not only copper, aluminum The development and utilization of important minerals such as lead, zinc, molybdenum, tungsten, tin, and antimony has increased in scale and intensification.
At the same time, the level of comprehensive utilization of co-associated resources such as gold, silver, indium, bismuth, and germanium has increased significantly.
The second is to establish a "three-rate" indicator system for mineral resources.
Since 2013, it has completed non-ferrous metal minerals such as copper, aluminum, lead, zinc, nickel, magnesium, tungsten, molybdenum, tin, antimony, tantalum, niobium, strontium, silver, zirconium, lithium, rare earth, cobalt, bismuth, germanium, titanium, etc.
The formulation of the "Three Rates" indicator of resources, and the assessment of the "Three Rates" indicators of mining enterprises are clearly listed as an important content of the annual mine inspection, and the process supervision of the efficiency of mineral resource development is strengthened.
In particular, the “comprehensive utilization of resources” was evaluated as one of the “three rates” indicators, which effectively improved the utilization of associated resources.
The third is to start a special project for the conservation and comprehensive utilization of mineral resources.
Many non-ferrous metal mines such as Jinchuan in Gansu, Shizhuyuan in Hunan, Pingguo Aluminum in Guangxi and other non-ferrous metal mines have been selected as demonstration bases for comprehensive utilization of mineral resources, which has effectively promoted the efficiency and level of resource development and utilization.
       3.
A new level of circular economy has eased the domestic market’s demand for non-ferrous mineral resources.
       3.
A new level of circular economy has eased the domestic market’s demand for non-ferrous mineral resources.
       Under the policy guidance of vigorously developing a circular economy, the utilization of resources such as smelting slag, flue gas, waste water and scrap metal recycling has received great attention.
Various valuable elements in raw materials of smelting enterprises such as copper, lead, and zinc are well utilized, and various elements in flue gas and smelting slag are fully recovered.
The scale of the recycled metal industry continues to expand, and the output of recycled metal from major non-ferrous varieties has hit a record high, and continues to increase.
Preliminary estimates show that my country’s supply of recycled copper will reach 3.
25 million tons in 2020, accounting for about 25% of copper consumption; recycled refined lead accounts for 44% of total refined lead output; waste tungsten recycling rate will reach about 25%; Regarding the recycling of energy resources such as nickel, cobalt, and lithium, the successful research and development of key technologies for green recycling of electronic waste has promoted the gradual industrialization of waste battery recycling.
Companies such as Shenzhen Gelinmei Co.
, Ltd.
and Guangdong Bangpu Recycling Technology Co.
, Ltd.
have already At the forefront of the industry.
      In terms of comprehensive utilization of non-ferrous metal smelting, non-ferrous metal smelting sulphuric acid accounted for 34% of domestic sulphuric acid production, an increase of nearly 15% compared with 2002, and the trend is increasing year by year; breakthroughs have been made in smelting polymetallic waste acid recycling technology and large-scale waste The direct recovery of polymetallic acid in acid and the reuse of waste acid have reduced the amount of hazardous waste generated by more than 90% compared with the current international methods.
In addition, most of the non-ferrous metals such as indium, bismuth, germanium, and rhenium produced in my country are recovered through comprehensive utilization of non-ferrous metals such as copper, lead and zinc.
According to relevant data, in 2020, my country's bismuth output will account for about 80% of global output, germanium output will account for about 70% of global output, and indium output will account for about 40% of global output, providing a guarantee for enhancing the right to speak in strategic metals.
       4.
Progress has been made in the prevention and control of heavy metal pollution to achieve a double harvest of resource utilization and the environment        .
4.
Progress has been made in the prevention and control of heavy metal pollution to achieve a double harvest of resource utilization and the environment.
The        prevention and control of heavy metal pollution in the non-ferrous metal industry follows the principle of both source prevention and end treatment, targeting lead and mercury The key link in the production of heavy metal pollutants such as arsenic and lead, zinc, copper and other heavy non-ferrous metal smelting production process as the control focus, the implementation of advanced technology transformation of clean production and comprehensive recovery, reducing mercury, lead, arsenic and other heavy metal pollution from the source The amount of waste produced has effectively reduced the pressure on terminal treatment, and the level of pollution prevention and comprehensive utilization has reached a new level.
       In terms of clean production technology research and development, a number of advanced clean production technologies have been successfully developed, such as oxygen bottom blowing (side blowing) copper smelting technology, rotary floating copper smelting technology, oxygen bottom (side) blowing smelting liquid high-lead slag direct reduction technology And so on, the industry’s major common key clean production technologies.
These technologies have become mainstream processes in my country's copper, lead and zinc industries.
      Regarding the harmlessness of smelting slag, in response to the large amount of solid wastes containing chromium, arsenic and other harmful elements produced by my country’s non-ferrous metal industry, the chromium slag and its storage yard heavily polluted soil microbial treatment technology, and arsenic pollutant centralized safe disposal technology , Metallurgical and chemical solid waste safe utilization technology and other new technologies, and realized industrialization and application in Zhuzhou, Chenzhou, Hunan and other places.
       Existing main problems        Main problems       1.
The laws and regulations on the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources are not sound enough, and they do not fully reflect the encouragement and guidance for the       comprehensive utilization of mineral resources.
1.
The laws and regulations on the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources are not sound enough, and they do not fully reflect the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources.
Encouragement and guidance of use of work Judging from the survey conducted by the China Nonferrous Metals Industry Association, domestic non-ferrous metal mining enterprises believe that some of the current regulations are a heavy burden on mines, especially the introduction of the "Interim Measures for the Administration of the Collection of Proceeds from the Transfer of Mining Rights" has been serious.
Restricted the sustainable development of mining enterprises.
Enterprises generally believe that the benefits of mining rights transfer do not take into account the risks of long-term continuous investment and R&D investment of enterprises in terms of the collection of co-associated resources.
Taking the comprehensive recovery of gallium from bauxite as an example, according to the current technological level of the industry, it is difficult to extract gallium associated with bauxite, and the recovery rate of beneficiation and smelting is only about 10%, and the income is difficult to cover the cost, but it is not considered in the evaluation of the income from the transfer of mineral rights.
The actual situation of the enterprise, the evaluation value is much higher than the actual recovery rate of the enterprise, and the turned-in rights far exceed the comprehensive utilization value of the output, which greatly increases the cost of comprehensive utilization of the enterprise, and seriously dampens the enthusiasm of the enterprise to use associated resources and low-grade resources.
       2.
There are many small mines, and the level of comprehensive utilization varies greatly        .
2.
There are many small mines, and the level of comprehensive utilization varies greatly.
       According to relevant data, there are more than 40 kinds of symbiotic and associated elements in non-ferrous metal mines in my country, and more than 80% of the mineral deposits contain more than 10 kinds of symbiotic and associated elements such as copper, zinc, and lead.
In particular, lead-zinc deposits are commonly associated with Cu, Fe, and S.
, Ag, Au, Sn, Sb and more than 20 kinds of elements.
Some emerging strategic mineral resources such as indium, bismuth, germanium, gallium, rhenium, etc.
are also mainly associated with non-ferrous metal mineral resources such as copper, lead-zinc, molybdenum, and aluminum, and their resource reserves rank among the top in the world.
Although the potential value of co-associated mines is great, the current non-ferrous metal mines in my country are mainly small and medium-sized.
Generally speaking, the comprehensive utilization level of many small and medium-sized mines is not high.
At the same time, due to excessive emphasis on economic benefits, some useful components are less recovered.
In addition, due to the low technological content and added value of the products obtained from the comprehensive utilization, the poor benefits have also affected the enthusiasm of the comprehensive utilization of enterprises.
       3.
Insufficient innovation ability, economic benefit transformation ability needs to be improved        3.
Insufficient innovation ability, economic benefit transformation ability needs to be improved        Although China has made some achievements in the comprehensive utilization of mining, dressing, smelting and related technologies in recent years, due to the heavy burden of mine taxes , And lack of relevant positive incentive mechanisms.
Generally speaking, China’s mining enterprises are not very active in technological research capabilities and investment in scientific and technological research and development.
In addition, some technology research and development institutions are not sufficiently connected with the needs of enterprises, resulting in a low technology conversion rate.
It has also become one of the main factors restricting the rational development and utilization of mineral resources in China.
      4.
The endowment of non-ferrous metal mineral resources has declined, and the mining cost has continued to increase       .
4.
The endowment of non-ferrous metal mineral resources has decreased, and the mining cost has continued to increase.
      At present, most of the domestic backbone non-ferrous metal mines were put into operation in the 1980s and 1990s.
Most of the main mines, such as tungsten, antimony, and tin mines, were built in the early days of the founding of the People’s Republic of China.
After decades of mining history, they have gradually entered deep mining.
The grade of resources has declined significantly, nearly half of the mines have been exhausted, production capacity has shrunk sharply, and mining costs Rising, mining is difficult.
      Recommendations       on the Legislation Work on the Comprehensive Utilization of Mineral Resources Recommendations on the Legislation Work on the Comprehensive Utilization of Mineral Resources      The first is to establish as soon as possible a legal and regulatory system for the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources led by the "Law on the Comprehensive Utilization of Mineral Resources".
It is legally clear that any mining economic activity must comply with the national strategy for sustainable development of ecological civilization, and adopt laws and regulations, management systems and technologies.
Standards, specifications, etc.
, implement rational utilization and comprehensive utilization in the whole process of planning, implementation, and closing of mineral resources development and utilization projects, so as to maintain the sustainable use of mineral resources for generations of mankind.
      The second is to clearly stipulate the administrative authorities involved in the comprehensive utilization of resources and their main functions.
The regulatory responsibilities of the government authorities for comprehensive utilization of resources need to be further strengthened, the responsible departments should be implemented, the penalties for illegal acts and resource wastes should be increased, and the government agencies should be held accountable for illegally exercising their powers or failing to perform environmental responsibilities.
At the same time, the government, as a market regulator, should actively play its own responsibility for supervision and management, and improve and refine the supervision and management mechanisms of relevant departments.
      The third is to establish a market-oriented multi-level, multi-channel, and diversified technology investment system.
Promote scientific and technological progress and innovation in the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources, increase investment in research and development of basic technology for scientific and technological innovation, and improve a multi-level, multi-channel, and diversified scientific and technological investment system with enterprises as the main body and market-oriented.
The state shall encourage financial institutions to give priority to the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources through financial policies, encourage various legally established investment institutions to invest in comprehensive utilization projects of mineral resources through taxation policies, and encourage various guarantee agencies to provide credit for comprehensive utilization of mineral resources.
guarantee.
The state should establish a public welfare compensation fund for the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources, which is mainly used to finance and support comprehensive resource utilization projects that have strong social benefits and involve national strategic security.
A technical guide catalog for the comprehensive utilization of national resources is released from time to time.
Major scientific research and technological development topics for the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources shall be incorporated into national or local scientific and technological research plans, and their implementation shall be carefully organized.
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