Acquisition and processing method of Artemisia annua cultivation technology

Artemisia annua, the scientific name of Artemisia annua, also known as Artemisia odoratum, Artemisia annua, Artemisia ordosica Compositae, mugwort Herbs annual A series of artemisinin products were extracted and produced from leaves and flower buds on the ground Artemisinin and its derivatives, the effective physiological active component extracted from Artemisia annua, are new antimalarial drugs with quick effect and safety Artemisinin and its derivatives treat falciparum malaria and Plasmodium vivax malaria with a cure rate of 99% The antimalarial activity developed and produced by dihydroartemisinin is 10 times of artemisinin and 38 times of artesunate Benbetol is also a drug for treating leukemia The United States has cooperated with China in the research and development of benbetol and other series of products Therefore, it has attracted great attention from western countries, especially the United States, including who, which recognizes its unique efficacy and use Artemisinin is also the only natural drug in the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) in China, and it is also the drug recommended by the world who Artemisinin and its derivatives products are more than 50 countries and regions in Africa, South America, Australia, near the equator and Southeast Asia It is praised as "the world's Artemisia resources are in China, China's Artemisia is in Wuling mountain area, and Zui's good Artemisia is in Enshi" by experts and bosses of production enterprises Artemisia annua is mostly wild and rich in resources Enshi Qingjiang Bioengineering Co., Ltd has carried out the field to house cultivation of Artemisia annua in the whole Prefecture According to incomplete statistics, it has developed more than ten thousand Mu at present, striving for a total area of more than one hundred thousand mu during the 11th Five year plan Artemisia annua is a major enemy of crops, generally growing below 1200 meters above sea level Qingjiang Bioengineering Co., Ltd of Enshi Academy of Agricultural Sciences has built a artemisinin production line with an annual output of 30 tons It needs more than 6000 tons to 10000 tons of Artemisia annua raw materials all the year round, so it doesn't worry about the market and market The cultivation technology of Artemisia annua is introduced as follows for reference [form] Artemisia annua is 40-150 cm high, with strong odor of volatile oil Stem erect, longitudinally striate, much branched, smooth glabrous The basal leaves are flat on the ground and wither when they bloom; the stem leaves are alternate, green when they are young, yellow brown when they are old, glabrous, with short handle, and gradually without handle when they are up; the leaves are usually a full split feather, with short and thin split leaves, with tiny powder like pubescence, dark green above, light green below, with tiny hair or powder like glandular spots; the two sides of the leaf axis have narrow wings; the upper leaves of the stem are gradually upward It is small and strip-shaped In late autumn, there are small yellow flowers with small, spherical heads, about 3.6 mm in diameter It has thin, soft and short peduncle, most of which are cone-shaped; the involucre is small and spherical, the flowers are all tubular flowers, yellow, the peripheral is female flowers, the central is bisexual flowers, achenes, oval The flowering period is from 7 to August, and the fruiting period is from 9 to October In addition, there is Artemisia annua and its variety Artemisia macrocephala The difference between them and Artemisia annua is that the leaves are divided into three parts, the middle axis is not pectinate, the last part is short and sharp, easy to break, and the pith of the section is large The diameter of the head is 1.5mm, and the diameter of the head is 3mm [growth habit] 1 Biological characteristics (1) the weight of 1000 seeds is 0.02-0.048 mg, 4500-5000 seeds per gram Seed germination requires light or temperature Under the light, the germination rate is 99% when the temperature is 15 ℃ - 25 ℃, and the germination rate is low when the temperature is below 15 ℃ or above 30 ℃ (2) in the first ten days of March (10.5 ℃), seedlings appeared in 7 days, and leaves appeared in 12 days At 40 days after emergence, the growth speed was accelerated, the height of seedlings was 18 cm; at 80 days of stem pulling, branches appeared * times at 39 cm; at the middle and late June, the second branch came into being *It takes 130 days for secondary branching to budding, 170 days (from the beginning of August to the end of September) for flowering, 200 days (from the end of September to the first ten days of October) for fruit ripening (15.7 ℃), and 260 days (from the end of December) for seedling pouring (5 ℃ - 8 ℃) From sowing to leaf harvest 172 days, the whole growth cycle 265 days (3) the growth of root of Artemisia annua is shallow root plant, with short main root, developed lateral root, many and dense; the root depth is 8-16cm, and the root width is 20-26cm (4) the germination ability of branches is strong, which can reach 76-90 lateral branches From germination to the appearance of lateral branches, the growth of main stem is slow; before the end of May, the growth of stem is fast; from the first ten days of August to the middle ten days, there is the second peak of stem pulling; in the first ten days of September, it enters the bud stage, and the growth stops The dry leaf weight and artemisinin content increased with the growth time (5) flowering habit in the middle of September is the initial flowering period, the full flowering period in the late September, and the late flowering period in the late September The flowering sequence is from bottom to top, the same branch opens from stem to top, and the same inflorescence opens from outside to inside The flower is tubular, the outer part is female and the central part is bisexual The self pollination rate is 5%, which is a cross pollination plant (6) it has strong biological competition ability It grows fast after secondary branching, and overwhelms weeds to form a plant community dominated by Artemisia annua It has strong resistance to adversity, drought, waterlogging and epidemic 2 Artemisia annua is widely distributed in the fields, hillsides, roadsides, riverbanks and houses After harvest, there are more Zui in corn land, rape land or second wasteland, followed by mature land and less wasteland for many years (1) Artemisia annua has a strong adaptability to temperature The artemisinin content of Artemisia annua growing in the middle altitude area of Enshi Prefecture is higher than that in the north The growth of Artemisia annua with higher content was mainly distributed in the zone of 10.4 ℃ - 14.9 ℃, and accumulated temperature was 4627.2 ℃ - 5212.7 ℃ The germination rate of seeds is higher than that of constant temperature under the condition of variable temperature At the temperature of 20 ℃ - 27.5 ℃, the buds grow rapidly and the content of effective components increases rapidly (2) the average precipitation Zui is about 200 mm and the relative humidity Zui is about 80% from the stage of water extraction to budding stage It grows vigorously in high temperature and high humidity area (3) Zui can promote the early maturity of Artemisia annua with high and stable active components The sunshine hours from branching to budding stage were 156.5-169.4 hours / month, and 185.3 hours / month at flowering stage Artemisia annua is a short sunshine plant, which requires about 1000 hours of annual light, too much or too little is not suitable Although Artemisia annua can grow under too much or too little light, it will lead to the decrease of artemisinin content (4) soil Artemisia annua should be selected from sunny and humid alluvial soil or purple soil with thick grey limestone parent material of Permian system The effective content of Artemisia annua growing in yellow soil is low, so it is not suitable for planting [planting technology] 1 The propagation method is seed propagation and seedling transplanting 2 Seed collection and seedling raising (1) from September to October, the mature seed plants will be cut back to dry and shake off the seeds, remove the seed shell and impurities, and store for future use (2) seedlings should be sown in the middle of February ① before sowing, select the sunny and humid alluvium soil with an altitude of 600-750m It can also be purple red soil with dark gray thick limestone parent material of Permian system ② first, 2000-2500 kg organic fertilizer per mu is applied to the selected land, and then the land is ploughed The bottom fertilizer is ploughed into the soil to make a 1.3-meter-high border The border is in the east-west direction with a height of 20 cm ③ first mix the seeds into seed ash, evenly spread the border surface, and then cover the seeds with a thin layer of plant ash to cover the seeds After emergence, we should pay attention to drought prevention and seedling protection At the seedling stage, we should apply light human and animal manure water, 800 kg per mu When the plant height is 5-10 cm, it can be transplanted The amount of seedlings per mu is 100-150g, and 280000-300000 transplantable seedlings can be obtained, which can be planted in 2.67 hectares 3 Land preparation and transplanting (1) for land preparation and transplanting, 2000-2500 kg of miscellaneous soil fertilizer or cattle and horse manure per mu, 100-150 kg of superphosphate are added, mix well, spread on the ground, turn into the soil, plough and level Make a 1.3m-high border with a depth of 10-15cm The border is north-south and can be planted (2) according to the row spacing of 26.5cm × 26.5cm, dig holes in the border, plant 1 hole, and use 7500-12000 seedlings per mu If wide and narrow row planting is adopted, ginger can be planted in the row Corn can also be planted at 0.8m × 1.2m, and Artemisia annua can be planted at 40cm × 60cm in the wide row of corn Some planting methods have good effect The planting of Artemisia annua can also be directly seeded, that is, it can be directly seeded in the whole border However, the direct seeding field is inconvenient to manage and its yield is lower than that of transplanting seedlings, so it is generally not used 4 In the field management, Artemisia annua should be weeded for 2-3 times from transplanting to harvest, and the top dressing should be combined with weeding, and the top dressing outside the root can be increased for 1-2 times For the first time, shallow hoeing was carried out after the seedlings survived After hoeing, 1000-1500 kg of light human and animal dung water, 3-5 kg of urea and 2-3 kg of superphosphate were used per mu After mixing, they were put into the human cave For the second time, before the closure of the row, the middle ploughing and weeding shall be carried out once After weeding, 1000-1500 kg of human and animal dung water, 10 kg of urea, 30 kg of superphosphate and 10 kg of potassium chloride shall be evenly applied to the hole It can also be sprayed with 2 kg of 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate at the * secondary branching stage, and once more half a month later, which has a very significant effect on improving the yield and increasing the effective components of medicinal materials When the Artemisia annua grows to 1 m high, the tip of 0.5 cm is removed to promote multiple lateral branches and increase yield 5 Establish a good seed base to isolate and propagate the selected good varieties (such as Artemisia annua) in isolation, remove the impurities and keep them pure in the second branching, collect the seeds when they are mature, dry and thresh them, and store them in a ventilated place for future use 6 Pest control (1) the main disease of Artemisia annua is powdery mildew, also known as white gourd powdery mildew, which occurs from June to July It is mainly harmful to leaves The disease develops from old leaves to new leaves White powder spreads all over the leaves and is the pathogen capsule Control methods: spray 0 times 3 times of the mixture of sulphur and sulphur mixture for 2~3 times, or spray 500~800 times with wettable powder and rust spirit and water for 500~800 times (2) the main pest of Artemisia annua is aphid, which damages young shoots Control method: spray 40% dimethoate emulsifiable concentrate 1000 times [harvesting and processing] 1 From July to August of the year of harvesting and transplanting, Artemisia annua can be harvested at the budding stage The artemisinin content in bud stage was 0.986% - 1%, which was suitable for harvest When harvesting, cut off the whole plant and dry it in the sun Beat down the dried leaves with a wooden stick or curtain cover Remove the impurities from the stems and branches and store them in a ventilated and dry place for future use 2 The processing of Artemisia annua leaves can be directly used in the traditional Chinese medicine formula If artemisinin is extracted, it should be packed immediately after the leaves are dried and transported to the pharmaceutical factory The effective ingredients should be extracted according to certain technological process [yield and quality] 1 The yield of Artemisia annua is 10% ～ 12%, and the dry product per mu is 150-250kg 2 Quality of Artemisia annua dry leaves: no impurities, no stalks, completely dry, green.