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Adenovirus is a DNA virus that usually causes mild infections in humans , including upper or lower respiratory tract, gastrointestinal, and conjunctival infections
Adenovirus is a DNA virus, adenovirus is a DNA virus that usually causes mild infections in humans , usually causes mild infections in humans, rare manifestations, rare manifestations
As early as 2016, a study "Adenovirus: Epidemiology, Global Spread of Novel Serotypes, and Advances in Treatment and Prevention" has explained all diseases of adenovirus infection, including adenovirus-induced hepatitis , see Figure 1
All diseases of adenovirus infection, including adenovirus-induced hepatitis All diseases of adenovirus infection, including adenovirus-induced hepatitis
Figure 1: Global spread of adenoviruses and advances in treatment and prevention
Figure 1: Global spread of adenoviruses and advances in treatment and preventionThe study confirmed that adenovirus infection is more common in children due to lack of humoral immunity, which is also in line with the epidemiology of this unexplained hepatitis
The study confirmed that adenovirus infection is more common in children due to lack of humoral immunity, which is also in line with the epidemiology of this unexplained hepatitis
Respiratory infections are more common
Respiratory infections are more common Respiratory infections are more commonAdenoviruses account for at least 5% to 10% of respiratory infections in children and 1% to 7% of respiratory infections in adults
Typical symptoms of adenovirus respiratory infection include fever, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, cough, and sore throat, and gastrointestinal symptoms may be present, especially in children
Other diseases of adenovirus infection
Other diseases of adenovirus infection Other diseases of adenovirus infectionAdenovirus infection can cause gastrointestinal symptoms even when the primary site of involvement is the respiratory tract
Adenovirus infection can cause gastrointestinal symptoms even when the primary site of involvement is the respiratory tract
Figure 2: Pathological changes in patients with adenovirus hepatitis
Figure 2: Pathological changes in patients with adenovirus hepatitisIn addition, adenovirus-induced keratoconjunctivitis is also common , the most common serotypes are AdV-8, AdV-19 and AdV-37, other serotypes such as AdV-3, AdV-4, AdV-7, AdV- 11 and AdV-14, can also cause conjunctivitis
Adenovirus-induced keratoconjunctivitis is also common Adenovirus-induced keratoconjunctivitis is also common
Immune function and adenovirus infection
Immune function and adenovirus infection Immune function and adenovirus infectionThe prevalence of adenovirus infection is overwhelmingly self-limiting ; disseminated and fatal infections are rare in immunocompetent hosts
Self-limiting and self-limiting but in immunocompromised patients, the lesions caused by adenovirus infection can be more severe and even fatal
Adenovirus infection may also complicate congenital immunodeficiency diseases , such as severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome, common variant immunodeficiency, agammaglobulinemia, and immunoglobulin A deficiency
Adenovirus infection, which may also complicate congenital immunodeficiency disease
Another study reported (see Figure 3) of adenoviral hepatitis that included 89 patients with adenoviral hepatitis cases
Figure 3: Cover of the paper on the prevalence of human adenovirus hepatitis
Figure 3: Cover of the paper on the prevalence of human adenovirus hepatitis90% of patients present within 6 months of transplantation
Fever is the most common initial symptom Fever is the most common initial symptom
Only 24 of the 89 patients (27%) survived: 16 with reduced immunosuppression, 6 with a repeat liver transplant, and 2 with cidofovir and intravenous immunoglobulin
Coping and Treatment
coping and treatment coping and treatmentSince the World Health Organization (WHO) published "Acute Hepatitis of Unknown Cause in the United Kingdom" on April 15, 2022, cases of acute hepatitis of unknown cause in children have been reported worldwide
According to the WHO assessment, it is unclear whether the number of new cases of unexplained hepatitis has increased since April or whether there has been a gradual increase in awareness of unexplained hepatitis cases
.
Although adenovirus is a possible etiology, investigations into causative factors are still ongoing
.
Adenoviral hepatitis can manifest as fulminant disease in immunocompromised hosts, the researchers said — "Definite diagnosis requires liver biopsy, early identification of viral subtypes, reduced immunosuppression, and liver transplantation may be life-saving
.
"
, and liver transplantation may save lives
.
"
The treatment of unexplained hepatitis is currently mainly symptomatic.
Antiviral drugs are used for viral infections.
Once the liver cannot support the body, liver transplantation is used
.
references:
[1] Ronan BA, Agrwal N, Carey EJ, et al.
Fulminant hepatitis due to human adenovirus.
Infection.
2014;42(1):105-111.
doi:10.
1007/s15010-013-0527-7.
Epub 2013 Aug 24.
PMID: 23979854.
[2] Lynch JP 3rd, Kajon AE.
Adenovirus: Epidemiology, Global Spread of Novel Serotypes, and Advances in Treatment and Prevention.
Semin Respir Crit Care Med.
2016;37(4):586-602.
doi: 10.
1055/s- 0036-1584923.
Epub 2016 Aug 3.
PMID: 27486739; PMCID: PMC7171713.
[3] Lynch JP 3rd, Kajon AE.
Adenovirus: Epidemiology, Global Spread of Novel Types, and Approach to Treatment.
Semin Respir Crit Care Med.
2021;42(6):800-821.
doi: 10.
1055/s-0041- 1733802.
Epub 2021 Dec 16.
PMID: 34918322.
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