Adenovirus infection and transplantation: infection status of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and solid organ transplantation (SOT) population

Adenoviruses (AdVs) are non-enveloped double-stranded DNA viruses related to a wide range of human clinical syndromes

The disease has a global distribution, the incidence is higher in areas with limited sanitary conditions, and the infection has no seasonality

Transmission can occur through inhalation of atomized droplets, direct conjunctival inoculation, fecal-oral transmission, or exposure to infected tissue or blood

1.

Most retrospective studies documented that AdV disease mainly occurred in the first 100 days after HSCT (median, 36-90 days)

AdV disease can be caused by primary infection or reactivation of latent infection.

Although genitourinary diseases are more common in kidney transplantation, hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) has been described in HSCT patients and should be tested

AdV infection may also be related to graft failure or implantation delay

Table 1: Infections related to adenovirus types and serotypes

2.

Among children, those younger than 5 years of age have the highest infection rate, while adolescents have a lower prevalence of disease-related complications

Asymptomatic AdV DNAemia is common in SOT recipients and is usually not associated with progression to symptomatic disease

Among SOT recipients, HC, nephritis, pneumonia, hepatitis, enterocolitis, and disseminated disease have been described

Most forms of infections outside the urinary tract are likely to progress and cause clinically significant diseases, rarely leading to death

HC may progress to involve the kidneys, which may lead to graft dysfunction and granulomatous interstitial nephritis observed on biopsy

Original link: https://pubmed.
ncbi.
nlm.
nih.
gov/34856601/

Adenovirus Infection and Transplantation