Analysis of the progress of different types of vaccine research under the severe situation of the global new crown pneumonia epidemic

In 2020, the new coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) is rampant, and humans are still living in panic and unease; Since the beginning of winter, the spread of the new crown epidemic has entered a "small climax", recently found in the United Kingdom and South Africa, the mutant virus has also made the situation of prevention and control of the epidemic more serious, the global new crown outbreak has been close to "out of control", and even in china there has been a partial outbreak rebound.
imported cases from abroad, all kinds of imported goods carrying the virus, a large number of asymptomatic infected people ... All of this is stimulating our fragile nerves, and in the short term, we seem to be pinning our hopes on vaccines.
what should we know about the new crown vaccine? 1 What are the new crown vaccines that have been or are ready to go on sale? (1) Inactivated virus: as the most mature route of the production process, it has the advantages of fast research and development, easy evaluation, easy storage, the main disadvantage is the need for multiple vaccinations, production cycle is relatively long; Unit vaccine: This route of "celebrity" is hepatitis B vaccine, this vaccine research and development is fast, mature technology, small adverse reactions, but there are not small disadvantages, such as weak immune effect, long production cycle, etc. ;
(3) Adenovirus vector vaccine: Previously used in Ebola vaccines, this method of gene delivery is efficient and can produce a strong immune response, but the disadvantages are equally obvious, the technical requirements for virus production are high, there is a safety risk;
(4) mRNA vaccine: such a vaccine is controversial, there is no marketed products, technology immature lead to people can not assess its long-term risk, mRNA itself unstable, may appear immune tolerance and other issues, the main advantages are faster immune response, industrial production is relatively simple, more in line with the need for mass production;
(5) DNA vaccine: Like the mRNA vaccine, the technology is relatively immature, currently mainly used in animal veterinary vaccines, the advantages are fast research and development, easy to produce, the disadvantage is affected by the efficiency of expression, as well as the potential risks of active integration into the host DNA, the current INOVIO in the United States INO-4800 vaccine, the use of this route.
2 vaccines safe? By comparing vaccines with published clinical results, it can be found that inactivated vaccines have the lowest rate of adverse reactions, good safety (note abnormal blood sugar), while adenovirus vector vaccine, protein sub-unit vaccine and mRNA vaccine have a higher rate of adverse reactions, of which fever is more common, in the elderly group mRNA vaccine and virus vector vaccine performance is better, with high tolerance.
In the antibody concentration, the protein sub-unit vaccine induced the highest level of median antibodies, up to 4 times the recovery period of the patient's serum, adenovirus and mRNA vaccine produced high levels of antibodies, also excellent performance in the elderly group, and inactivated vaccine produced by the antibody level is low, lower than the patient's recovery period of serum antibody concentration, but still can effectively protect the body.
In our understanding, a vaccine can eventually be marketed, often requires a long process, need to pass clinical trials to verify its safety and effectiveness before it can be used, but the new crown as an "emergency public health event" special case, and safety is mainly determined by serious adverse reaction events, the current inactivated vaccine safety is good, the National Pharmaceutical Group and Beijing Science and Technology vaccine did not produce serious adverse reactions.
3 vaccine protect us? According to reports, on December 26, 2020, according to preliminary analysis of the data of volunteers vaccinated against kosin COVID-19 vaccine in Turkey, the total protection effectiveness of the Koxing COVID-19 vaccine in Beijing reached 91.25 percent, no serious side effects were found during clinical trials, and on January 13, Brazil also published experimental data, of which the protection effectiveness of mild diseases was 78 percent, the protection effectiveness of severe and hospitalized diseases was 100 percent, and the total protection effectiveness was 50.4 percent.
indonesia, the total protective effectiveness of the Kosing vaccine was 65.3 per cent.
it makes people wonder why the same vaccine varies so much from region to region. Is there a problem with the effectiveness and stability of the vaccine? The answer is no.
First of all, the volunteers involved in the experiment in Brazil are all health care workers, such personnel work in a special nature, belong to high-risk groups, the outbreak in Brazil is very serious, and in the statistical process, the new introduction of "very mild patients" (neither mild, nor asymptomatic infected people, in between), so the overall protection effectiveness of statistics will be low.
, the number of people involved in clinical trials in Turkey and Indonesia is small, there are some errors, the results can only be used as a reference.
Based on available data, the Koch vaccine gives us a 50.4% chance of not being infected when faced with the virus, a 78% chance of not becoming mild after infection, and 100% not becoming a serious illness, which is a fairly effective way to protect our property.
same reason, on December 31, 2020, the Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of the State Council issued a conditional listing of the New Coronary Inactivated Vaccine of China Biopharmaceuser Group of China, which has been approved by the State Drug Administration.
available data show that the effectiveness of the new coronary inactivated vaccine against viral infection is 86%, the rate of the yanging of the meso-antibody is 99%, the effective rate of prevention of medium-severe cases is 100%, meeting the World Health Organization and the National Drug Administration issued the "new coronavirus vaccine clinical evaluation guidelines (trial)" requirements.
vaccine can make us safer in the face of the new coronavirus, but there are also some problems, such as vaccine effectiveness evaluation criteria are not uniform, in the diagnosis criteria, clinical trial population composition, the number of participants in clinical trials, adverse reaction statistics and protection rate calculation methods, there is no unified evaluation standards in the industry, different calibres of experimental conclusions have large differences, the need to establish international unified parameter indicators to regulate.
, there is also a need for further disclosure of clinical data on vaccines, which can help to better assess their effectiveness, respond better to social issues in their daily work, and make the vaccine more accessible to the public.
And the new crown itself is more dangerous for the elderly, so we should continue to study the protection effect of vaccines on the elderly, the protection of the sick population, and so on, really let everyone rest assured that they are willing to cooperate with vaccination.
4 variant of the virus have an impact on vaccine effectiveness? The new coronavirus enters the cell mainly by the binding of the protrusion protein and the cell membrane, Spike protrusion protein is like a sword, inserted into the cell membrane ACE2 subject this sword, this protein has flexibility, can swing freely on the surface of the virus, so that the virus becomes more "flexible".
, S protein as a key point has been widely concerned, the current vaccine development is related to S protein.
recently, new coronavirus mutations found in the UK and South Africa have been concentrated in the protrusion protein, and mutations have made it easier for the virus to enter cells and complete the invasion.
since the beginning of winter, the new crown's infectiousness has increased rapidly, caught people off guard, the culprit is this "small change."
From the current results, the virus mutation does not affect the role of the vaccine, the vaccine is still effective, follow-up experiments are also under way, scientists also need to carry out a sequence of two viruses, and the vaccine and animal experiments of the mutated virus to reveal the effectiveness of the vaccine.
we get vaccinated on May 5? Vaccination can obtain individual virus protection capacity, when a country or region to obtain immunization of the population of about 70%, you can truly achieve "group immunization", in view of the global epidemic prevention and control situation is serious, human beings may coexist with the virus for a long time, recommend health care, customs border control, imported products, military police, social security-related practitioners first vaccination, verify safety, effectiveness and potential risks, to the public development of vaccination.
Before vaccination, be careful about whether there are autoimmune diseases (inactivated vaccine taboos may cause elevated blood sugar);
6 Summary A perfect vaccine should be safe enough, not cause other complications, and widely available to different populations;
vaccine as the most effective means of preventing new crowns has gathered global wisdom, but no vaccine has yet fully met these standards, and vaccine selection may be more important from person to person.
With the progress of technology, there are still many new vaccine routes being developed and perfected, all we have to do is use all the routes of the vaccine, in the cooperation of various countries, together to build a "wall of protection", so that we can take off the mask as soon as possible, breathing a breath of fresh air.