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It is often heard that "men are animals that rely on the lower body to think".
The so-called thinking depends on the brain.
Literally translated, does it mean that the testicles of men have the same characteristics as the brain, or are the testes comparable to the brain? Is there a clear similarity between the human brain and testis? This has become a topic of great interest to the scientific community
.
Image source: Photograph.
com.
The brain is the most advanced part of the nervous system, which dominates all human activities, including language production, memory storage, thought and emotion formation, and the testis is the male reproductive organ, used to produce sperm and Synthesize and secrete hormones (mainly testosterone)
.
Could it be the legendary "sperm upper brain" that caused some connections between these two organs? Let's take a look at what the scientists say
.
Recently, a team of researchers from the University of Aveiro and Porto in Portugal and the University of Birmingham in the Royal Society Open Biology published a new research result "Brain and testis: more alike than previously thought?" , Which shows that the human brain and testis are more similar than we thought before
.
Image source: pubmed's official website "Men are animals that rely on their lower body to think".
This intriguing sentence is corroborated by scientists! This is not the first time that a connection between the brain and the testis has been discovered.
Some parameters of semen quality have been reported before.
Related to intelligence, there is also an association between sexual dysfunction and brain diseases
.
In addition, they all have barriers (blood brain barrier and blood testis barrier) for the entry and exit of selective substances
.
Of course, these connections do not mean that the brain and testes are similar, we still need more evidence
.
The researchers not only compared the similarities between human brain and testis tissues, and human neurons and cells at the cellular and molecular levels, but also compared these two tissues (brain and testis) and two types of cells (neurons and sperm).
) The proteome was compared
.
The main results of these comparisons are introduced below
.
(Image source: Reference) Cellular tissue overview of human brain and testis.
Comparison of brain and testis tissues.
Cellular and molecular levels: The cell and molecular levels in the two organs are obviously similar.
(1) There are certain cellular similarities between the brain and testis.
Sex-there are specialized support cells, astrocytes in the brain and Sertoli cells in the testis, these cells are responsible for the nutritional support of neurons and germ cells, for their development and survival Vital
.
(2) The brain and testis are both high-energy-demand tissues that perform cognitive functions and sperm production and other high-energy processes
.
(3) Compared with other tissues, the human brain and testis are particularly susceptible to oxidative damage
.
Proteome: There are 13,442 common proteins in brain and testis.
Researchers have compared proteins in 33 tissues, including brain, testis, heart, intestine, cervix, ovary, placenta, etc.
Surprisingly, there are so many parts.
Among them, the brain and testis have the most common proteins
.
The study found that the brain can produce 14,315 kinds of proteins, and the testes can produce 15,687 kinds of proteins, but they have 13,442 kinds of proteins! This means that about 93% of the protein in the brain is the same as that in the testes! (Image source: References) Comparison of human brain and sperm proteome.
Neurons and sperm.
Cellular and molecular levels: Although different in morphology, there are similarities.
Neurons are the most basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system, while sperm is formed by the testis.
The seminiferous tubules are produced
.
Although the two are completely different in terms of morphology, genome activity and function, there are still some similarities: (1) Neurons and sperm can activate other cells, for example, neurons activate other cells through synapses , Sperm is needed to activate oocytes during fertilization
.
(2) Neurons and sperm have a similar process of exocytosis.
For example, neurons release neurotransmitters through exocytosis to complete the communication between neuronal cells, and the acrosome releases hydrolase after the sperm recognizes the oocyte, which is also one A special form of exocytosis
.
(3) Neurons and sperm share common signaling pathways.
For example, the mTOR signaling pathway regulates the quality of male sperm and is also vital to the growth of normal neurons
.
Proteome: Neurons and sperm have 5,048 common proteins.
Among the 6,653 proteins produced by sperm, neurons also produce 5,048 proteins (neurons contain 13,193 proteins in total)
.
Their common protein is largely related to the development of cells and tissues, exocytosis, and cell signaling
.
(Image source: References) The proteome of neurons and sperm "This is an underexplored topic, and it is necessary to prove the relationship between these tissues, which may help to understand the dysfunction that affects the brain and testes
.
" The research team Write
.
In fact, some diseases of the brain and testis have been shown to overlap.
For example, multiple sclerosis and male infertility overlap.
Spinal cord injury can also cause male infertility through erectile dysfunction or abnormal semen
.
This is why we need to study the correlation between the brain and the testis, which will help us understand how these diseases are related
.
The similarity between the human brain and testis may be due to the common participation in the process of human speciation
.
This similarity may have very important clinical significance
.
Analyzing the co-expressed proteins of the brain and testis can advance the treatment of the above problems.
For example, if a treatment method is effective for a disease on the testis, it can help guide scientific exploration and treatment of another disease related to the brain
.
This is also the next research direction for researchers
.
Reference material: https://royalsocietypublishing.
org/doi/10.
1098/rsob.
200322
The so-called thinking depends on the brain.
Literally translated, does it mean that the testicles of men have the same characteristics as the brain, or are the testes comparable to the brain? Is there a clear similarity between the human brain and testis? This has become a topic of great interest to the scientific community
.
Image source: Photograph.
com.
The brain is the most advanced part of the nervous system, which dominates all human activities, including language production, memory storage, thought and emotion formation, and the testis is the male reproductive organ, used to produce sperm and Synthesize and secrete hormones (mainly testosterone)
.
Could it be the legendary "sperm upper brain" that caused some connections between these two organs? Let's take a look at what the scientists say
.
Recently, a team of researchers from the University of Aveiro and Porto in Portugal and the University of Birmingham in the Royal Society Open Biology published a new research result "Brain and testis: more alike than previously thought?" , Which shows that the human brain and testis are more similar than we thought before
.
Image source: pubmed's official website "Men are animals that rely on their lower body to think".
This intriguing sentence is corroborated by scientists! This is not the first time that a connection between the brain and the testis has been discovered.
Some parameters of semen quality have been reported before.
Related to intelligence, there is also an association between sexual dysfunction and brain diseases
.
In addition, they all have barriers (blood brain barrier and blood testis barrier) for the entry and exit of selective substances
.
Of course, these connections do not mean that the brain and testes are similar, we still need more evidence
.
The researchers not only compared the similarities between human brain and testis tissues, and human neurons and cells at the cellular and molecular levels, but also compared these two tissues (brain and testis) and two types of cells (neurons and sperm).
) The proteome was compared
.
The main results of these comparisons are introduced below
.
(Image source: Reference) Cellular tissue overview of human brain and testis.
Comparison of brain and testis tissues.
Cellular and molecular levels: The cell and molecular levels in the two organs are obviously similar.
(1) There are certain cellular similarities between the brain and testis.
Sex-there are specialized support cells, astrocytes in the brain and Sertoli cells in the testis, these cells are responsible for the nutritional support of neurons and germ cells, for their development and survival Vital
.
(2) The brain and testis are both high-energy-demand tissues that perform cognitive functions and sperm production and other high-energy processes
.
(3) Compared with other tissues, the human brain and testis are particularly susceptible to oxidative damage
.
Proteome: There are 13,442 common proteins in brain and testis.
Researchers have compared proteins in 33 tissues, including brain, testis, heart, intestine, cervix, ovary, placenta, etc.
Surprisingly, there are so many parts.
Among them, the brain and testis have the most common proteins
.
The study found that the brain can produce 14,315 kinds of proteins, and the testes can produce 15,687 kinds of proteins, but they have 13,442 kinds of proteins! This means that about 93% of the protein in the brain is the same as that in the testes! (Image source: References) Comparison of human brain and sperm proteome.
Neurons and sperm.
Cellular and molecular levels: Although different in morphology, there are similarities.
Neurons are the most basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system, while sperm is formed by the testis.
The seminiferous tubules are produced
.
Although the two are completely different in terms of morphology, genome activity and function, there are still some similarities: (1) Neurons and sperm can activate other cells, for example, neurons activate other cells through synapses , Sperm is needed to activate oocytes during fertilization
.
(2) Neurons and sperm have a similar process of exocytosis.
For example, neurons release neurotransmitters through exocytosis to complete the communication between neuronal cells, and the acrosome releases hydrolase after the sperm recognizes the oocyte, which is also one A special form of exocytosis
.
(3) Neurons and sperm share common signaling pathways.
For example, the mTOR signaling pathway regulates the quality of male sperm and is also vital to the growth of normal neurons
.
Proteome: Neurons and sperm have 5,048 common proteins.
Among the 6,653 proteins produced by sperm, neurons also produce 5,048 proteins (neurons contain 13,193 proteins in total)
.
Their common protein is largely related to the development of cells and tissues, exocytosis, and cell signaling
.
(Image source: References) The proteome of neurons and sperm "This is an underexplored topic, and it is necessary to prove the relationship between these tissues, which may help to understand the dysfunction that affects the brain and testes
.
" The research team Write
.
In fact, some diseases of the brain and testis have been shown to overlap.
For example, multiple sclerosis and male infertility overlap.
Spinal cord injury can also cause male infertility through erectile dysfunction or abnormal semen
.
This is why we need to study the correlation between the brain and the testis, which will help us understand how these diseases are related
.
The similarity between the human brain and testis may be due to the common participation in the process of human speciation
.
This similarity may have very important clinical significance
.
Analyzing the co-expressed proteins of the brain and testis can advance the treatment of the above problems.
For example, if a treatment method is effective for a disease on the testis, it can help guide scientific exploration and treatment of another disease related to the brain
.
This is also the next research direction for researchers
.
Reference material: https://royalsocietypublishing.
org/doi/10.
1098/rsob.
200322
