Cancer or the runaway power of Cambrian biological superpowers.

Cancerists have a puzzle: Why do cancer cells come? Why should animals evolve "cancerous physiques"? Biologists have a puzzle: Why is there a Cambrian biological explosion? Why do multicellular animals suddenly appear? A new theory binds both: cancer may be a by-product of the prosperity of multicellular animals.
a variety of invertebrate fossils have emerged in the Cambrian strata between about 540 million and 530 million years ago, known as the Cambrian outbreak.
various explanations about the Cambrian outbreak have also become a major mystery in paleontology and geology.
recently, an interdisciplinary team at Lund University in Sweden has come up with a new hypothesis about the Cambrian outbreak in the latest issue of Nature Ecology and Evolution.
they suggested through tumor research that the Cambrian eruption was due to a special ability of multicellular organisms, rather than changes in external conditions such as increased oxygen content.
increase in oxygen led to the Cambrian outbreak about 4 billion years ago, life was born on Earth, but 500-600 million years ago, multicellular animals only appeared, and rapidly evolved into a variety of categories.
about the Cambrian outbreak, a hypothesis suggests that it is because of increased oxygen concentrations in the atmosphere that can support more complex, larger animals.
there is evidence that oxygen increased dramatically before the Cambrian period.
, and researchers say that simple animals require surprisingly low levels of oxygen.
paleontologist Dr. Emma Hamalend of Lund University in Sweden, told Science Daily in an e-mail that according to the traditional "high oxygen-causing explosion" hypothesis, "it's hard to understand what form animals form before oxygen levels rise."
how are they prepared and waiting? Small but all organizations are preparing to thicken? No, it's unlikely.
and there is no evidence to support the hyperoxygen hypothesis.
evidence that there was enough oxygen before the Cambrian period, and oxygen did not change during the Cambrian period.
"oxygen-rich dr. Hamalend, who initially threatened multicellular life, contacted Professor Swanpaman, an oncologist at Lund University who has studied the relationship between hypoxia and tumors for 20 years, and Dr. Shi, an oncologist at Lund University, who joined in.
they want to test a tumor, is it related to an outbreak of the Cambrian era? "Stem cell characteristics" are essential for all multicellular life.
"stem cells" are "tree trunk" cells that can develop into multiple functional cells.
we all split up step by step from embryonic stem cells that change from fertilized eggs, and we have stem cells that turn into functional cells throughout our lives.
, for example, small intestine wall cells are replaced every 2-4 days, depending on stem cell division.
" lack of oxygen is considered a threat to life, but we forget that, at precise time and under conditions, hypoxia is a prerequisite for multicellular life.
our stem cells, the cells that form new tissues, are extremely sensitive to oxygen.
," Swanpaman explained.
and multicellular life manipulates a protein that "fools" cells, allowing them to assume they are oxygen-deprived in a high-oxygen environment, maintaining stem cell properties.
this mechanism avoids the negative effects of high oxygen on stem cells.
and the team led by Svanpaman observed that cancer cells can hijack this mechanism, so that despite the high oxygen environment of the tumor, the stem cell properties can be maintained in a "pseudo-hypoxia" environment.
"We flipped the conventional wisdom that low oxygen is generally not a problem for animal cells, and that high-oxygen environments pose a fundamental challenge to complex multicellular systems, and that without additional tools, oxidation can cause tissue-specific stem cells to mature too early.
," Svanparman said.
cancer or Cambrian bio-powers out of control, Hamalend told Science Daily that she began to focus on the relationship between the tumor and the Cambrian outbreak, and there were three opportunities: "First, I have family and colleagues who have cancer, so I started listening to the news of cancer science, read the views of Ryan Weaver and Davis on the evolution of tumors; Second, I attended a meeting of geologists and biologists and felt that we were trapped in the old pattern without enhancing my understanding (of the Cambrian eruption);
" Hamalend et al. can be said to be a different way, and their hypothesis is consistent with geological biology observations: early in the Cambrian period, there was enough oxygen on Earth.
the key to success in Cambrian animals is the mechanism by which cancer cells use cancer cells, and cancer is an evolutionary by-product of the high-oxygen environment we live in.
Both Hamalend and Swanpaman were surprised: no one had thought about the contradiction between the oxygenenvironment and the renewal of the organization.
"Of course, a lot of people will intuitively disagree, but once you rethink the role of oxygen as a substance that affects stem cell properties and hinders tissue renewal, confusing observations from different fields converge.
," Svanparman said.
", "When we think about it, high oxygen, not low oxygen, is a challenge.
it was really a 'Eureka (I Found)' moment.
" Hamaland told reporters that in a new perspective, "cancer is a particularly useful consequence of a ability that, when controlled, helps us live longer in an oxygen-rich environment, but getting out of control can lead to tumors."
" (part of the material from Lund University press release) other related theories that sexual reproduction contributed to species outbreaks the theory that, from fossil data, eyre algae appeared sexual reproduction about 900 million years ago, in fact sexual reproduction occurred earlier. the occurrence of sexual reproduction in
has played an extremely important role in the evolution of the entire biological community, and the potential for further biological diversity is one of the reasons for the Cambrian outbreak because of the genetic variability provided by sexual reproduction.
the emergence and evolution of the reaper is a key American ecologist, Stanley, who proposed an ecological theory to explain the Cambrian eruption, the principle of harvesting.
Stanley argues that for most of the 2.5 billion years before the Cambrian era, the ocean was an ecosystem of simple primary producers such as primary nuclear cyanobacteria.
the community in this system is ecologically a single unchanged community, and the nutritional level is simple and unique.
Because the physical space is occupied by such small but large communities, the evolution of such communities has been slow and has never been rich in diversity. The key to the
Cambrian outbreak was the emergence and evolution of herbivores, i.e. protozoa that eat protocytes (cyanobacteria).
Reaper creates space for greater diversity among producers, which in turn leads to the evolution of more specific reapers.
the nutritional pyramid is growing rapidly in two directions: the lower-level producers have added many new species, enriched species diversity, and added new harvesters at the top, enriching the nutritional diversity.
thus enriched the biodiversity of the entire ecosystem, which eventually led to the camawary outbreak. the proliferation of calcium
has played a huge role in the emergence of scientists in the United States, and evidence has found that the proliferation of calcium in the oceans may have played a significant role in the Cambrian outbreak.
three U.S. scientists examined salt crystals formed on the ocean floor during the early Cambrian period.
found that calcium levels in the early Cambrian period were at least three times higher than those of the progenitor.
researchers say the calcium should be the calcium that is sprayed into hot water when a Mediterranean ridge volcano erupts.
they highlighted high levels of crustal activity, calcium injection, that allowed early life to evolve shells and bones to address the potential toxicity caused by elevated calcium levels in seawater.
Cambrian eruption is an illusion theory that evolution is gradual, the so-called "explosion" just indicates that the first time in the biological fossil record found as early as the pre-Cambrian period has been widely existed and developed organisms, other biofossil groups may be due to incomplete geological records and "missing", resulting in this "missing" the reason is that the pre-Cambrian formation experienced heat and pressure, where the fossils were destroyed.
this explanation is unconvincing because scientists have discovered a large number of simple pronuclear organisms such as bacteria and cyanobacteria in the pre-Cambrian fossil sediments.
Source: Science Daily.