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Written | Edited by Wang Cong | Nagashi Typesetting | Alzheimer's disease (AD), commonly known as "Alzheimer's disease", is a serious neurodegenerative disease.
Patients usually suffer from memory decline and learning ability.
Attenuation is the main symptom, accompanied by emotional regulation disorder and loss of exercise ability, which greatly affects the development of individuals, families and society.
Currently, about 50 million people worldwide suffer from Alzheimer's disease.
As the average life expectancy of human beings increases and the aging society intensifies, the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease is also rising.
It is estimated that by 2050, Alzheimer's patients will increase to more than 150 million.
On April 22, 2021, researchers from the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in the United States published a research paper titled: Chaperone-mediated autophagy prevents collapse of the neuronal metastable proteome in the Cell Journal.
The research team has developed an experimental drug that can clear the tau protein by activating chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) in brain neurons and reverse key symptoms in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.
In the 1990s, Dr.
Ana Maria Cuervo discovered that there is a self-cleaning process in cells, that is, molecular chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA).
After a cytoplasmic protein with a special motif is recognized by a molecular chaperone, it interacts with lysosomes.
The special receptor on the membrane-the lysosomal-associated membrane protein Lamp2A binds and enters the process of degradation of the lysosome.
As we age, the efficiency of chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) will decrease, causing harmful proteins to accumulate into insoluble clumps, risking cell damage.
In fact, the common feature of Alzheimer's disease and all other neurodegenerative diseases is the presence of toxic protein aggregates in the patient's brain.
The research of this Cell paper led by Dr.
Ana Maria Cuervo first revealed the dynamic interaction between molecular chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) and Alzheimer’s disease.
CMA damage in neurons leads to Alzheimer’s Disease, and vice versa.
This indicates that drugs that increase CMA may provide hope for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
The research team first studied whether the impairment of molecular chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) contributes to Alzheimer's disease.
To this end, the research team genetically modified the mice to have excitatory brain neurons that lack CMA.
The test results show that the lack of CMA in brain cells is sufficient to cause short-term memory loss, walking disorders, and other problems often found in animal models of Alzheimer's disease.
In addition, damage to CMA can severely disrupt protein homeostasis, that is, the cell's ability to regulate the proteins it contains.
Dr.
Ana Maria Cuervo suspects that the reverse is also true, that is, early Alzheimer's disease will in turn promote CMA damage.
The research team studied a mouse model of early Alzheimer’s disease.
In this model, the neurons in the mouse brain produce abnormal tau proteins.
These abnormal copies of tau proteins cluster together and are also known to contribute to Alzheimer’s disease.
Of neurofibrillary tangles.
Then, the research team focused on observing the CMA activity in the hippocampal neurons of the mouse model, which are essential for memory and learning.
As a result, it was found that the CMA activity in these neurons was significantly reduced compared with control animals.
So what happened in the brains of early Alzheimer's patients? Does it block chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA)? In order to find these answers, the research team compared the single-cell RNA sequencing data of brain neurons of Alzheimer's patients and healthy people's brain neurons, confirming that the CMA activity in the brain neurons of early Alzheimer's patients has received a certain degree.
In the late stage, CMA activity in the brain is inhibited to a greater extent.
According to Dr.
Ana Maria Cuervo, when people are in their seventies or eighties, compared with their youth, the activity of molecular chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) usually decreases by about 30%, which has little effect on most people, but If they have a neurodegenerative disease, it will have a devastating effect on the normal protein composition of brain neurons.
The above studies have shown that the decreased activity of molecular chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) interacts with the pathology of Alzheimer's disease, and through synergy, greatly promotes the development of the disease.
Turning things around In chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), chaperone proteins bind to damaged or defective proteins in the cell, and the chaperone transports it to the lysosome of the cell for digestion and recycling of waste.
In order to successfully transport it into the lysosome, the chaperone protein must first "docking" it on the LAMP2A protein receptor, which is located on the surface of the lysosome.
Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) can digest defective tau protein and other proteins, but patients with Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases have decreased CMA efficiency, and too much tau protein makes them overwhelmed.
Therefore, the research team developed a new drug called CA that can increase the level of LAMP2A receptors on the lysosome.
The more LAMP2A receptors on the lysosome, the higher the level of CMA activity.
The research team tested CA drugs in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease and found that oral CA for more than 4 to 6 months can improve memory, improve depression and anxiety symptoms, and improve exercise capacity.
And the levels of tau protein and protein clumps in the brains of Alzheimer's mice after treatment were significantly reduced.
Compared with mice with Alzheimer's disease that were not treated with the drug (left), mice treated with the drug (right) had fewer toxic protein clumps in their brains to accelerate commercialization.
Importantly, these Alzheimer's Symptomatic mice have shown symptoms of the disease, and their neurons were blocked by clumps of toxic proteins before the administration.
The treatment results show that the drug can help maintain and restore neuronal function even in the late stage of Alzheimer's disease, and the drug can also significantly reduce glial degeneration.
And after taking it for a long time, no side effects on other organs were found.
On January 13, 2021, Dr.
Ana Maria Cuervo published a paper in Nature and found that molecular chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) can maintain the function of hematopoietic stem cells.
Therefore, CMA has the potential to enhance the function of hematopoietic stem cells under aging or stem cell transplantation.
Target.
We all know that drugs that are effective in mice are not necessarily effective in humans.
However, this study found that the efficiency of molecular chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) that causes Alzheimer’s disease in mice also decreases, which also occurs in Alzheimer’s disease.
Among patients with Zheimer's disease.
This indicates that the drug developed by the research team is likely to be effective for the human body.
Dr.
Ana Maria Cuervo, Dr.
Ana Maria Cuervo, and Dr.
Evripidis Gavathiotis, in cooperation with Life Biosciences, established Selphagy Therapeutics, which is currently developing the drug named CA and its related compounds in the paper for the treatment of Alzheimer’s Morbidity and other neurodegenerative diseases.
Paper link: Open for reprint
Patients usually suffer from memory decline and learning ability.
Attenuation is the main symptom, accompanied by emotional regulation disorder and loss of exercise ability, which greatly affects the development of individuals, families and society.
Currently, about 50 million people worldwide suffer from Alzheimer's disease.
As the average life expectancy of human beings increases and the aging society intensifies, the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease is also rising.
It is estimated that by 2050, Alzheimer's patients will increase to more than 150 million.
On April 22, 2021, researchers from the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in the United States published a research paper titled: Chaperone-mediated autophagy prevents collapse of the neuronal metastable proteome in the Cell Journal.
The research team has developed an experimental drug that can clear the tau protein by activating chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) in brain neurons and reverse key symptoms in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.
In the 1990s, Dr.
Ana Maria Cuervo discovered that there is a self-cleaning process in cells, that is, molecular chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA).
After a cytoplasmic protein with a special motif is recognized by a molecular chaperone, it interacts with lysosomes.
The special receptor on the membrane-the lysosomal-associated membrane protein Lamp2A binds and enters the process of degradation of the lysosome.
As we age, the efficiency of chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) will decrease, causing harmful proteins to accumulate into insoluble clumps, risking cell damage.
In fact, the common feature of Alzheimer's disease and all other neurodegenerative diseases is the presence of toxic protein aggregates in the patient's brain.
The research of this Cell paper led by Dr.
Ana Maria Cuervo first revealed the dynamic interaction between molecular chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) and Alzheimer’s disease.
CMA damage in neurons leads to Alzheimer’s Disease, and vice versa.
This indicates that drugs that increase CMA may provide hope for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
The research team first studied whether the impairment of molecular chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) contributes to Alzheimer's disease.
To this end, the research team genetically modified the mice to have excitatory brain neurons that lack CMA.
The test results show that the lack of CMA in brain cells is sufficient to cause short-term memory loss, walking disorders, and other problems often found in animal models of Alzheimer's disease.
In addition, damage to CMA can severely disrupt protein homeostasis, that is, the cell's ability to regulate the proteins it contains.
Dr.
Ana Maria Cuervo suspects that the reverse is also true, that is, early Alzheimer's disease will in turn promote CMA damage.
The research team studied a mouse model of early Alzheimer’s disease.
In this model, the neurons in the mouse brain produce abnormal tau proteins.
These abnormal copies of tau proteins cluster together and are also known to contribute to Alzheimer’s disease.
Of neurofibrillary tangles.
Then, the research team focused on observing the CMA activity in the hippocampal neurons of the mouse model, which are essential for memory and learning.
As a result, it was found that the CMA activity in these neurons was significantly reduced compared with control animals.
So what happened in the brains of early Alzheimer's patients? Does it block chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA)? In order to find these answers, the research team compared the single-cell RNA sequencing data of brain neurons of Alzheimer's patients and healthy people's brain neurons, confirming that the CMA activity in the brain neurons of early Alzheimer's patients has received a certain degree.
In the late stage, CMA activity in the brain is inhibited to a greater extent.
According to Dr.
Ana Maria Cuervo, when people are in their seventies or eighties, compared with their youth, the activity of molecular chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) usually decreases by about 30%, which has little effect on most people, but If they have a neurodegenerative disease, it will have a devastating effect on the normal protein composition of brain neurons.
The above studies have shown that the decreased activity of molecular chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) interacts with the pathology of Alzheimer's disease, and through synergy, greatly promotes the development of the disease.
Turning things around In chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), chaperone proteins bind to damaged or defective proteins in the cell, and the chaperone transports it to the lysosome of the cell for digestion and recycling of waste.
In order to successfully transport it into the lysosome, the chaperone protein must first "docking" it on the LAMP2A protein receptor, which is located on the surface of the lysosome.
Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) can digest defective tau protein and other proteins, but patients with Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases have decreased CMA efficiency, and too much tau protein makes them overwhelmed.
Therefore, the research team developed a new drug called CA that can increase the level of LAMP2A receptors on the lysosome.
The more LAMP2A receptors on the lysosome, the higher the level of CMA activity.
The research team tested CA drugs in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease and found that oral CA for more than 4 to 6 months can improve memory, improve depression and anxiety symptoms, and improve exercise capacity.
And the levels of tau protein and protein clumps in the brains of Alzheimer's mice after treatment were significantly reduced.
Compared with mice with Alzheimer's disease that were not treated with the drug (left), mice treated with the drug (right) had fewer toxic protein clumps in their brains to accelerate commercialization.
Importantly, these Alzheimer's Symptomatic mice have shown symptoms of the disease, and their neurons were blocked by clumps of toxic proteins before the administration.
The treatment results show that the drug can help maintain and restore neuronal function even in the late stage of Alzheimer's disease, and the drug can also significantly reduce glial degeneration.
And after taking it for a long time, no side effects on other organs were found.
On January 13, 2021, Dr.
Ana Maria Cuervo published a paper in Nature and found that molecular chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) can maintain the function of hematopoietic stem cells.
Therefore, CMA has the potential to enhance the function of hematopoietic stem cells under aging or stem cell transplantation.
Target.
We all know that drugs that are effective in mice are not necessarily effective in humans.
However, this study found that the efficiency of molecular chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) that causes Alzheimer’s disease in mice also decreases, which also occurs in Alzheimer’s disease.
Among patients with Zheimer's disease.
This indicates that the drug developed by the research team is likely to be effective for the human body.
Dr.
Ana Maria Cuervo, Dr.
Ana Maria Cuervo, and Dr.
Evripidis Gavathiotis, in cooperation with Life Biosciences, established Selphagy Therapeutics, which is currently developing the drug named CA and its related compounds in the paper for the treatment of Alzheimer’s Morbidity and other neurodegenerative diseases.
Paper link: Open for reprint
