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Editor’s note iNature is China’s largest academic official account.
It is jointly created by the doctoral team of Tsinghua University, Harvard University, Chinese Academy of Sciences and other units.
The iNature Talent Official Account is now launched, focusing on talent recruitment, academic progress, scientific research information, and interested parties.
Long press or scan the QR code below to follow us
.
iNature sneezing is an important respiratory reflex, often associated with allergic rhinitis and viral respiratory infections
.
However, its neural circuits remain largely unknown
.
A sneeze-inducing area has been found in the brainstem of cats and humans, anatomically corresponding to the central receptor area of nasal sensory neurons
.
Therefore, it is hypothesized that the neuronal group of post-synaptic nasal sensory neurons mediates sneezing in this area
.
On June 15, 2021, Liu Qin's team from Washington University in St.
Louis published a research paper titled "Sneezing reflex is mediated by a peptidergic pathway from nose to brainstem" in Cell, which screened the main synapses released by nasal sensory neurons.
Pro-neurotransmitter/neuropeptide, neuromodulin B (NMB) peptides were found to be essential for the signal to sneeze
.
The ablation of NMB-sensitive postsynaptic neurons in the sneeze-induced area or the lack of NMB receptors eliminates the sneeze reflex
.
It is worth noting that NMB sensitive neurons further project to the ventral respiratory group (cVRG) of the tail
.
The chemical activation of NMB sensitive neurons triggers action potentials of cVRG neurons and leads to sneezing behavior
.
The study describes the peptidergic pathways that mediate sneezing and provides molecular insights into the sneezing reflex arc
.
x Sneezing is a basic reflex that can expel irritants and pathogens from the airway
.
Although designed as a defense mechanism, sneezing is associated with many viral respiratory infections (for example, the common cold and flu) and allergic rhinitis (also known as hay fever), and severely affects our quality of life and productivity
.
In addition, sneezing is the most powerful and common mechanism for the transmission of infectious droplets during viral respiratory infections
.
Studies have shown that a single sneeze can produce 40,000 virus-containing droplets with a radius of 7 to 8 m, and they can be suspended in the air for up to 10 minutes
.
In contrast, a cough can produce up to 3,000 droplets
.
Therefore, sneezing is an important mechanism for the spread of many respiratory viruses
.
From the perspective of basic science or clinical medicine, it is important to understand the mechanism of sneezing
.
An area that causes sneezing has been found in the ventromedial trigeminal nucleus (SpV) of cats and humans
.
Electrical stimulation in this area can cause a sneeze-like response in cats
.
The lesions caused by stroke in this area can cause humans to sneeze suddenly or lose the ability to sneeze
.
However, the lack of information on the molecular properties of the neurons that mediate sneezing and related synaptic pathways in this area hinders further research
.
The area that causes sneezing corresponds anatomically to the central receptor area of the ethmoid nerve, which provides sensory branches to the nasal mucosa, indicating that this area includes postsynaptic neurons of nasal sensory neurons
.
Previous studies have shown that stimulation of the nasal sensory fibers or ethmoid nerve can trigger sneezing in cats and humans
.
However, it is not clear which nasal sensory neuron population initiates the sneeze reflex, and which neurotransmitters/neuropeptides in the nasal sensory neurons are necessary to transmit sneeze signals
.
The lack of this information greatly hinders the study of post-synaptic neurons in the sneeze-induced area
.
Sneezing is a reflex produced by central respiratory neurons
.
However, the area that causes sneezing is located in the ventral SpV and does not overlap with any reported respiratory center in the brainstem
.
Therefore, it is reasonable to speculate that the area causing the sneeze is further projected to the central respiratory group
.
Research has characterized the sneezing-related electrical activity of different central respiratory neuron groups in cats
.
Since sneezing interrupts the normal breathing pattern, it is not clear whether these electrical activities are the “drivers” or “passengers” of the sneezing
.
In this study, the molecular properties of neurons that mediate sneezing in the sneeze-inducing area were revealed, and their anatomical and functional connections with central respiratory neurons were depicted
.
The research developed a two-step reverse screening strategy to determine the neuron population necessary to sneeze in the sneeze-induced area
.
First, the study screened all the major presynaptic neurotransmitters/neuropeptides released by nasal sensory neurons for sneezing signals, and determined the neuropeptides necessary to transmit sneezing signals
.
Secondly, the study focused on the corresponding postsynaptic neurons in the sneeze-induced area and investigated their role in mediating sneezing
.
This strategy successfully helped to identify a highly restricted neuron population, which is the key to the sneeze-induced regional sneeze reflex
.
In order to further determine which respiratory neuron groups are the projection targets of areas that cause sneezing, the study conducted neuronal tracking, electrophysiological recording, and behavioral studies
.
These studies have shown that the caudal ventral respiratory group (cVRG) is a direct projection target of the sneeze-induced area and drives the production of sneeze
.
In summary, the study describes the peptidergic pathway from nasal sensory neurons to central respiratory neurons that mediate the sneeze reflex
.
This newly defined pathway has greatly promoted the understanding of the neural mechanisms behind the sneeze reflex and is of great significance to the development of treatment strategies for pathological sneezing
.
Reference message: https://#%20
It is jointly created by the doctoral team of Tsinghua University, Harvard University, Chinese Academy of Sciences and other units.
The iNature Talent Official Account is now launched, focusing on talent recruitment, academic progress, scientific research information, and interested parties.
Long press or scan the QR code below to follow us
.
iNature sneezing is an important respiratory reflex, often associated with allergic rhinitis and viral respiratory infections
.
However, its neural circuits remain largely unknown
.
A sneeze-inducing area has been found in the brainstem of cats and humans, anatomically corresponding to the central receptor area of nasal sensory neurons
.
Therefore, it is hypothesized that the neuronal group of post-synaptic nasal sensory neurons mediates sneezing in this area
.
On June 15, 2021, Liu Qin's team from Washington University in St.
Louis published a research paper titled "Sneezing reflex is mediated by a peptidergic pathway from nose to brainstem" in Cell, which screened the main synapses released by nasal sensory neurons.
Pro-neurotransmitter/neuropeptide, neuromodulin B (NMB) peptides were found to be essential for the signal to sneeze
.
The ablation of NMB-sensitive postsynaptic neurons in the sneeze-induced area or the lack of NMB receptors eliminates the sneeze reflex
.
It is worth noting that NMB sensitive neurons further project to the ventral respiratory group (cVRG) of the tail
.
The chemical activation of NMB sensitive neurons triggers action potentials of cVRG neurons and leads to sneezing behavior
.
The study describes the peptidergic pathways that mediate sneezing and provides molecular insights into the sneezing reflex arc
.
x Sneezing is a basic reflex that can expel irritants and pathogens from the airway
.
Although designed as a defense mechanism, sneezing is associated with many viral respiratory infections (for example, the common cold and flu) and allergic rhinitis (also known as hay fever), and severely affects our quality of life and productivity
.
In addition, sneezing is the most powerful and common mechanism for the transmission of infectious droplets during viral respiratory infections
.
Studies have shown that a single sneeze can produce 40,000 virus-containing droplets with a radius of 7 to 8 m, and they can be suspended in the air for up to 10 minutes
.
In contrast, a cough can produce up to 3,000 droplets
.
Therefore, sneezing is an important mechanism for the spread of many respiratory viruses
.
From the perspective of basic science or clinical medicine, it is important to understand the mechanism of sneezing
.
An area that causes sneezing has been found in the ventromedial trigeminal nucleus (SpV) of cats and humans
.
Electrical stimulation in this area can cause a sneeze-like response in cats
.
The lesions caused by stroke in this area can cause humans to sneeze suddenly or lose the ability to sneeze
.
However, the lack of information on the molecular properties of the neurons that mediate sneezing and related synaptic pathways in this area hinders further research
.
The area that causes sneezing corresponds anatomically to the central receptor area of the ethmoid nerve, which provides sensory branches to the nasal mucosa, indicating that this area includes postsynaptic neurons of nasal sensory neurons
.
Previous studies have shown that stimulation of the nasal sensory fibers or ethmoid nerve can trigger sneezing in cats and humans
.
However, it is not clear which nasal sensory neuron population initiates the sneeze reflex, and which neurotransmitters/neuropeptides in the nasal sensory neurons are necessary to transmit sneeze signals
.
The lack of this information greatly hinders the study of post-synaptic neurons in the sneeze-induced area
.
Sneezing is a reflex produced by central respiratory neurons
.
However, the area that causes sneezing is located in the ventral SpV and does not overlap with any reported respiratory center in the brainstem
.
Therefore, it is reasonable to speculate that the area causing the sneeze is further projected to the central respiratory group
.
Research has characterized the sneezing-related electrical activity of different central respiratory neuron groups in cats
.
Since sneezing interrupts the normal breathing pattern, it is not clear whether these electrical activities are the “drivers” or “passengers” of the sneezing
.
In this study, the molecular properties of neurons that mediate sneezing in the sneeze-inducing area were revealed, and their anatomical and functional connections with central respiratory neurons were depicted
.
The research developed a two-step reverse screening strategy to determine the neuron population necessary to sneeze in the sneeze-induced area
.
First, the study screened all the major presynaptic neurotransmitters/neuropeptides released by nasal sensory neurons for sneezing signals, and determined the neuropeptides necessary to transmit sneezing signals
.
Secondly, the study focused on the corresponding postsynaptic neurons in the sneeze-induced area and investigated their role in mediating sneezing
.
This strategy successfully helped to identify a highly restricted neuron population, which is the key to the sneeze-induced regional sneeze reflex
.
In order to further determine which respiratory neuron groups are the projection targets of areas that cause sneezing, the study conducted neuronal tracking, electrophysiological recording, and behavioral studies
.
These studies have shown that the caudal ventral respiratory group (cVRG) is a direct projection target of the sneeze-induced area and drives the production of sneeze
.
In summary, the study describes the peptidergic pathway from nasal sensory neurons to central respiratory neurons that mediate the sneeze reflex
.
This newly defined pathway has greatly promoted the understanding of the neural mechanisms behind the sneeze reflex and is of great significance to the development of treatment strategies for pathological sneezing
.
Reference message: https://#%20
