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▎The editor of WuXi AppTec's content team recently published a new study on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the top academic journal Cell.
Scientists from the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) and Heidelberg University Hospital in Heidelberg used high-resolution imaging technology to successfully observe the process of HIV entering the nucleus in infected cells for the first time, elucidating the integration of the virus’s genetic material into the cell An important mechanism in the genome.
Before introducing this research, let's first understand what is going on with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1).
This virus mainly infects the body's immune cells, including CD4+ lymphoid T cells and macrophages, and in this way greatly weakens the body's defense capabilities.
Past research has taught scientists that the capsid of the virus is essential for HIV-1 infection.
The capsid is like a cone-shaped protein capsule, which contains genetic material-RNA molecules, which pass through the cell membrane and enter the cytoplasm.
As a retrovirus, HIV can reverse transcribe its own RNA genome into double-stranded DNA, which integrates into the host cell's genome in the nucleus, and then initiates the formation of new viruses.
▲The HIV capsid (shown in yellow and purple) wraps the viral RNA (shown in blue) (picture source: reference [2]; Credit: Janet Iwasa) However, how does the genetic material in the HIV capsid get from the cytoplasm? It is still a mystery until now that the key step is to be further transported to the nucleus and when to "unshell".
In this study, the scientists used the newly developed three-dimensional imaging technology to combine optical and electron microscopy methods to reconstruct the ultra-micro three-dimensional structure of the protein complex in the infected cell, thereby clearly seeing the virus capsid passing through the nucleus.
The process of nuclear pores (openings in the nuclear membrane that allow molecules to enter and exit).▲The HIV-1 capsid (pink) is passing through a nuclear pore (gray) in the nuclear membrane (yellow) (picture source: reference [2]) "In the past, people always thought that the size of the HIV-1 capsid exceeded the nuclear pore.
Therefore, the genetic material of HIV-1 has to be unshelled before it enters the nucleus.
” The research authors pointed out in the paper, but they found that this is not the case.
Scientists have discovered that the virus capsid can pass through the nuclear pore intact, open in the nucleus, and release the genetic material in it.
"Our data directly shows the key steps of HIV-1 replication and enhances our understanding of the virus life cycle.
" The abstract concluded.
▲ Schematic diagram of this study (picture source: reference [1]) Dr.
Hans-Georg Kräusslich, the corresponding author of this study, commented: “The question of how the viral genome enters the nucleus is crucial for its replication.
Existing therapies can be very effective Inhibiting the increase of the virus in the body, but still unable to eliminate the virus to achieve a real cure.
Our results will help to find new targets for future treatments.
"Reference: [1] Vojtech Zila et al.
, (2021) Cone-shaped HIV-1 capsids are transported through intact nuclear pores.
Cell.
Doi: https://doi.
org/10.
1016/j.
cell.
2021.
01.
025[2] A new piece of the HIV infection puzzle explored.
Retrieved 2021-02-20, from https:// HIV up close: Unprecedented view of virus reveals essential steps for causing AIDS, Retrieved October 8, 2020, from https:// Academic Jingwei Reader Interest Survey Questionnaire "Academic Jingwei" is WuXi AppTec The academic public account created by the team is dedicated to delivering important academic news in the field of biomedicine as soon as possible.
Our growth is inseparable from the attention of readers and friends.
In order to have a more comprehensive understanding of the interests of readers and friends, so as to provide you with content in a more timely and targeted manner, Academic Jingwei initiates a questionnaire survey here and sincerely invites you to participate in it.
The questionnaire is anonymous, the content of the questionnaire does not involve any sensitive personal information, and the results of the survey will not be disclosed to the public, but are only for internal evaluation.
Hope that Academic Jingwei will help your scientific research work.
Scan the QR code below to enter the questionnaire
Scientists from the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) and Heidelberg University Hospital in Heidelberg used high-resolution imaging technology to successfully observe the process of HIV entering the nucleus in infected cells for the first time, elucidating the integration of the virus’s genetic material into the cell An important mechanism in the genome.
Before introducing this research, let's first understand what is going on with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1).
This virus mainly infects the body's immune cells, including CD4+ lymphoid T cells and macrophages, and in this way greatly weakens the body's defense capabilities.
Past research has taught scientists that the capsid of the virus is essential for HIV-1 infection.
The capsid is like a cone-shaped protein capsule, which contains genetic material-RNA molecules, which pass through the cell membrane and enter the cytoplasm.
As a retrovirus, HIV can reverse transcribe its own RNA genome into double-stranded DNA, which integrates into the host cell's genome in the nucleus, and then initiates the formation of new viruses.
▲The HIV capsid (shown in yellow and purple) wraps the viral RNA (shown in blue) (picture source: reference [2]; Credit: Janet Iwasa) However, how does the genetic material in the HIV capsid get from the cytoplasm? It is still a mystery until now that the key step is to be further transported to the nucleus and when to "unshell".
In this study, the scientists used the newly developed three-dimensional imaging technology to combine optical and electron microscopy methods to reconstruct the ultra-micro three-dimensional structure of the protein complex in the infected cell, thereby clearly seeing the virus capsid passing through the nucleus.
The process of nuclear pores (openings in the nuclear membrane that allow molecules to enter and exit).▲The HIV-1 capsid (pink) is passing through a nuclear pore (gray) in the nuclear membrane (yellow) (picture source: reference [2]) "In the past, people always thought that the size of the HIV-1 capsid exceeded the nuclear pore.
Therefore, the genetic material of HIV-1 has to be unshelled before it enters the nucleus.
” The research authors pointed out in the paper, but they found that this is not the case.
Scientists have discovered that the virus capsid can pass through the nuclear pore intact, open in the nucleus, and release the genetic material in it.
"Our data directly shows the key steps of HIV-1 replication and enhances our understanding of the virus life cycle.
" The abstract concluded.
▲ Schematic diagram of this study (picture source: reference [1]) Dr.
Hans-Georg Kräusslich, the corresponding author of this study, commented: “The question of how the viral genome enters the nucleus is crucial for its replication.
Existing therapies can be very effective Inhibiting the increase of the virus in the body, but still unable to eliminate the virus to achieve a real cure.
Our results will help to find new targets for future treatments.
"Reference: [1] Vojtech Zila et al.
, (2021) Cone-shaped HIV-1 capsids are transported through intact nuclear pores.
Cell.
Doi: https://doi.
org/10.
1016/j.
cell.
2021.
01.
025[2] A new piece of the HIV infection puzzle explored.
Retrieved 2021-02-20, from https:// HIV up close: Unprecedented view of virus reveals essential steps for causing AIDS, Retrieved October 8, 2020, from https:// Academic Jingwei Reader Interest Survey Questionnaire "Academic Jingwei" is WuXi AppTec The academic public account created by the team is dedicated to delivering important academic news in the field of biomedicine as soon as possible.
Our growth is inseparable from the attention of readers and friends.
In order to have a more comprehensive understanding of the interests of readers and friends, so as to provide you with content in a more timely and targeted manner, Academic Jingwei initiates a questionnaire survey here and sincerely invites you to participate in it.
The questionnaire is anonymous, the content of the questionnaire does not involve any sensitive personal information, and the results of the survey will not be disclosed to the public, but are only for internal evaluation.
Hope that Academic Jingwei will help your scientific research work.
Scan the QR code below to enter the questionnaire
