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This article was originally written by Translational Medicine.
Please indicate the source.
Author: Ashley Introduction: Recent research has uncovered new information about cellular mechanisms in the immune system.
In a process known as antibody affinity maturation, antibodies evolve to more closely interact with each other.
target binding and become better
.
The process of selecting the best antibodies occurs in the germinal center, and for vaccines to be more effective and durable, scientists need to better understand this important location and the process of how they evolved
.
Researchers at the University of Alberta have uncovered new information about cellular mechanisms in the immune system, providing a key step towards a better understanding of how antibodies evolve and improve in the human body
.
Related research was recently published in "Cell Reports", entitled "Coordinated changes in glycosylation regulate the germinal center through CD22"
.
The antibodies produced by our immune system need to be fine-tuned for maximum effectiveness
.
When a vaccine or pathogen first enters our bodies, antibodies produced against these agents help protect us -- but need to be optimized, explains Matthew Macauley, assistant professor in the Department of Chemistry
.
"Slowly, our immune system improved the ability of antibodies to recognize their targets and made them better and better," he said
.
In a process known as antibody affinity maturation, antibodies evolve more closely to their targets combined to become better
.
This process occurs through mutation in a pseudo-random fashion
.
Then, as Macauley explains, in a series of highly coordinated events, mutations that improve the ability of the antibody to recognize its target are selected
.
Getting into the center of how antibodies fit in The complex process of selecting the best antibody occurs at the germinal center, a process called the germinal center reaction
.
Doctoral candidate Jhon Enterina, lead author of the study, said that if the goal is to be able to make vaccines more effective and durable, scientists need to better understand this important location and how they evolved
.
For the past two or three decades, a standard approach used by immunologists to study hair centers has been to use specific carbohydrates on the surface of germinal center white blood cells as identification markers
.
Macauley noticed this
.
"We started to ask ourselves, are these carbohydrates functional? They might not just be for us to recognize, they might play an important role
.
" B cells are the type of white blood cells that make antibodies
.
When a B cell recognizes components of a vaccine or pathogen, it causes the B cell to transform into a more specialized germinal center B cell
.
It is these special cells that have a unique set of carbohydrates on the surface
.
This is an opportunity Macauley sees to get to the bottom of the process
.
"We came up with a fairly simple way to test how carbs function when they transform into different types in the germinal center: stop them from changing and see what happens, " he said
.
Macauley and his team created A specific model is in place to prevent these changes from happening
.
"This is done at the genetic level
.
Normally, an enzyme is turned off in germinal center B cells, so we simply don't allow the cells to turn it off
.
"In doing so, they uncovered key information about how the germinal center occurs
.
"We linked these changes to the CD22 protein receptor that recognizes key carbohydrates
.
"
Germinal center research is especially challenging because it is not easy to study in a petri dish
.
Once germinal center cells are taken out of their natural environment in vivo, they die within hours
.
In addition, cells within the germinal center are The fastest of all mammalian cells divides, even faster than cancer cells
.
Macauley says the reason these cells divide so fast is that our bodies evolve antibodies as quickly as possible to neutralize pathogens before it's too late, which is critical
.
Many diseases, such as cancer or autoimmune diseases, arise from an out-of-control germinal center
.
However, before scientists can figure out how to control this critical area of the body, Macauley points out: "We first need to know What the proper controls are, is a long way from getting all the answers
.
"It's a very complicated process
.
Although many insights have been gained in the past 10 years, many questions remain about the germinal center, so this provides us with another insight into the mechanisms that control the germinal center
.
"Reference: https://phys.
org/news/2022-03-reveals-clues-antibodies-fine-tuned-infection.
html Note: This article is intended to introduce medical research progress and cannot be used as a reference for treatment plans
.
For health guidance, please go to a regular hospital for treatment
.
Recommendation·Activity Click on the picture or text to view the details.
March 10, 15:00-16:20 The application of online real-time live cell imaging analysis in 3D cell models.
March 10, 19:00-21:00 Online "SciTalk" "Life-omics Mass Spectrometry Cloud Lectures" series of online lectures: The first phase focuses on respiratory disease research March 18th 14:00-17:30 Shanghai Functional Genomics in New Drug Development Salon April 14th 09:00-18: 00 The 3rd Beijing Single Cell Sequencing Technology Application Forum (coming soon)
Please indicate the source.
Author: Ashley Introduction: Recent research has uncovered new information about cellular mechanisms in the immune system.
In a process known as antibody affinity maturation, antibodies evolve to more closely interact with each other.
target binding and become better
.
The process of selecting the best antibodies occurs in the germinal center, and for vaccines to be more effective and durable, scientists need to better understand this important location and the process of how they evolved
.
Researchers at the University of Alberta have uncovered new information about cellular mechanisms in the immune system, providing a key step towards a better understanding of how antibodies evolve and improve in the human body
.
Related research was recently published in "Cell Reports", entitled "Coordinated changes in glycosylation regulate the germinal center through CD22"
.
The antibodies produced by our immune system need to be fine-tuned for maximum effectiveness
.
When a vaccine or pathogen first enters our bodies, antibodies produced against these agents help protect us -- but need to be optimized, explains Matthew Macauley, assistant professor in the Department of Chemistry
.
"Slowly, our immune system improved the ability of antibodies to recognize their targets and made them better and better," he said
.
In a process known as antibody affinity maturation, antibodies evolve more closely to their targets combined to become better
.
This process occurs through mutation in a pseudo-random fashion
.
Then, as Macauley explains, in a series of highly coordinated events, mutations that improve the ability of the antibody to recognize its target are selected
.
Getting into the center of how antibodies fit in The complex process of selecting the best antibody occurs at the germinal center, a process called the germinal center reaction
.
Doctoral candidate Jhon Enterina, lead author of the study, said that if the goal is to be able to make vaccines more effective and durable, scientists need to better understand this important location and how they evolved
.
For the past two or three decades, a standard approach used by immunologists to study hair centers has been to use specific carbohydrates on the surface of germinal center white blood cells as identification markers
.
Macauley noticed this
.
"We started to ask ourselves, are these carbohydrates functional? They might not just be for us to recognize, they might play an important role
.
" B cells are the type of white blood cells that make antibodies
.
When a B cell recognizes components of a vaccine or pathogen, it causes the B cell to transform into a more specialized germinal center B cell
.
It is these special cells that have a unique set of carbohydrates on the surface
.
This is an opportunity Macauley sees to get to the bottom of the process
.
"We came up with a fairly simple way to test how carbs function when they transform into different types in the germinal center: stop them from changing and see what happens, " he said
.
Macauley and his team created A specific model is in place to prevent these changes from happening
.
"This is done at the genetic level
.
Normally, an enzyme is turned off in germinal center B cells, so we simply don't allow the cells to turn it off
.
"In doing so, they uncovered key information about how the germinal center occurs
.
"We linked these changes to the CD22 protein receptor that recognizes key carbohydrates
.
"
Germinal center research is especially challenging because it is not easy to study in a petri dish
.
Once germinal center cells are taken out of their natural environment in vivo, they die within hours
.
In addition, cells within the germinal center are The fastest of all mammalian cells divides, even faster than cancer cells
.
Macauley says the reason these cells divide so fast is that our bodies evolve antibodies as quickly as possible to neutralize pathogens before it's too late, which is critical
.
Many diseases, such as cancer or autoimmune diseases, arise from an out-of-control germinal center
.
However, before scientists can figure out how to control this critical area of the body, Macauley points out: "We first need to know What the proper controls are, is a long way from getting all the answers
.
"It's a very complicated process
.
Although many insights have been gained in the past 10 years, many questions remain about the germinal center, so this provides us with another insight into the mechanisms that control the germinal center
.
"Reference: https://phys.
org/news/2022-03-reveals-clues-antibodies-fine-tuned-infection.
html Note: This article is intended to introduce medical research progress and cannot be used as a reference for treatment plans
.
For health guidance, please go to a regular hospital for treatment
.
Recommendation·Activity Click on the picture or text to view the details.
March 10, 15:00-16:20 The application of online real-time live cell imaging analysis in 3D cell models.
March 10, 19:00-21:00 Online "SciTalk" "Life-omics Mass Spectrometry Cloud Lectures" series of online lectures: The first phase focuses on respiratory disease research March 18th 14:00-17:30 Shanghai Functional Genomics in New Drug Development Salon April 14th 09:00-18: 00 The 3rd Beijing Single Cell Sequencing Technology Application Forum (coming soon)
