Cephalosporin and cephamycin are stupidly unclear!

*It is only for medical professionals to read for reference.
Why are cephalosporins also called cephalosporins ××? What does it have to do with cephalosporins? The commonly used cephalosporin drugs in clinical practice include cefmetazole, cefoxitin, and cefminox.
Their names are very similar to those of cephalosporins, so the two types of antibacterial drugs are often confused in clinical application
.

So, why are cephalosporins called cephalosporins and are they cephalosporins? What's the difference between the two types of antibacterial drugs? Cephalosporins include natural cephalosporins and semi-synthetic cephalosporins [1-2]
.

Natural cephalosporins are cephalosporin C (the 7th carbon has a -H) and cephalosporin C (methoxycephalosporin, the 7th carbon has a trans-OCH3); it is led by cephalosporin C The compounds are semi-synthetic cephalosporins, and semi-synthetic cephalosporins are derived from cephamycin C, all of which belong to semi-synthetic cephalosporins
.

Because cephalosporin drugs have the same mother nucleus as cephalosporins, the cephalosporin drugs are called cephalosporins ××
.

However, because of their antibacterial spectrum and indications, they are very different from cephalosporins, so the cephalosporins are separated separately from the cephalosporins, and they are placed alongside the cephalosporins and belong to the same β-lactams.
Antibiotics [3-6]
.

The differences between cephalosporins and cephalosporins are as follows: 1.
Chemical structure [1-6] The core of cephalosporins is 7-aminocephalosporin (7-ACA), while the mother core of cephalosporins is The 7α-methoxy group is introduced on the 7-position carbon of 7-ACA to increase its stability to β-lactamase (especially produced by G-bacteria and anaerobic bacteria)
.

2.
Drug generation [3-8] There are mainly three generations of cephamycins, the first generation is cephalosporin C; the second generation includes cefmetazole, cefoxitin, and cefotetan, which were once classified as the second generation Cephalosporins; the third generation includes cefminox and cefrazon, which were once classified as the third generation cephalosporins
.

Cephalosporin drugs mainly have five generations.
The first generation mainly includes cefathiamidine, cefazolin, cefadroxil, etc.
; the second generation mainly includes cefotiam, cefuroxime, cefaclor, cefprozil, etc.
; The main generations include ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefoperazone, cefixime, etc.
; the fourth generation mainly includes cefepime, cefpirome, etc.
; the fifth generation mainly includes ceftaroline (ceftaroline foxide) , Cefepime (Cefepime Pivoxil)
.

Sub-generation cephalosporin drugs Cephalosporin drugs First-generation cephalosporin C Cefathiamidine, cefazolin, cefadroxil and other second-generation cefmetazole, cefoxitin, cefotetan, cefotiam, cefuroxime, Cefaclor, cefprozil and other third-generation cefminox, cefrazon Ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefoperazone, cefixime and other fourth-generation cefepime, cefpirome and other fifth-generation ceftaroline, cefepime General 3.
Antibacterial spectrum [3-8] Cephalosporins have antibacterial effects on aerobic bacteria and anaerobes.
Anaerobic bacteria include Bacteroides (such as Bacteroides fragilis) and Clostridium (non-clostridium difficile).
Bacteria), Prevotella melanophora, Peptococcus, Peptostreptococcus; while the second and third generation cephalosporin antibiotics have an effect on G+ bacteria and G- bacteria, and anaerobic bacteria are mainly against Clostridium ( Non-Clostridium difficile), Prevotella melanogaster, Peptococcus spp.
, Peptostreptococcus spp.
are effective, but have no effect on Bacteroides fragilis
.

Antibacterial spectrum cephalosporin drugs Second and third generation cephalosporin drugs G+ bacteria with G- bacteria with anaerobic bacteria Bacteroides (such as Bacteroides fragilis), Clostridium (not Clostridium difficile), melanin production Prevotella, Peptococcus, Peptostreptococcus Clostridium (not Clostridium difficile), Melanogenic Prevotella, Peptococcus, Peptostreptococcus 4.
Indications [3-8] Cephalosporium The clinical indications of antibiotics are mainly mixed infections of aerobic bacteria and anaerobic bacteria, such as abdominal cavity infection, pelvic infection, lower respiratory tract infection, bloodstream infection, skin and soft tissue infection, etc.
; infections caused by G-bacteria such as urinary tract infection Etc.
; Infections caused by G+ bacteria such as bone and joint infections; surgical preventive medications that may be infected by anaerobic bacteria such as gastrointestinal surgery, hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery, transvaginal hysterectomy, transabdominal hysterectomy, cesarean section, etc.

.

Second and third generation cephalosporins are used for G+ bacteria and/or G- bacteria to cause various infections such as respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections, central nervous system infections, etc.
, when used for pelvic infections and abdominal infections It can be combined with anti-anaerobic drugs (such as metronidazole); it can be combined with metronidazole when used for the preventive medication of appendix surgery, colorectal surgery, and obstetrics and gynecology surgery
.

Indications cephalosporin drugs Second and third generation cephalosporin drugs mixed infection (aerobes and anaerobes) can be used alone in combination with anti-anaerobe drugs (such as metronidazole).
Surgical prophylaxis for anaerobic infections can be used alone.
It can be combined with anti-anaerobic drugs (such as metronidazole).
In addition, cephalosporins and cephalosporins have similar cores, so the two types of drugs have some common features, as follows [3,8]: The mechanism of action of cephalosporins and cephalosporins affects the synthesis of bacterial cell walls.
Antibacterial drugs are time-dependent.
The frequency of administration is multiple times a day.
The skin test requires disulfiram.
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