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For all carbohydrate microarrays, two important prerequisites are necessary: the carbohydrate of interest has to be obtained either by isolation from natural sources, enzymatic or chemical synthesis; an immobilization of the carbohydrate at the surface of the chip has to be achieved. This chapter provides a very brief overview of the chemical synthesis of carbohydrates (creation of building blocks, assembly, and deprotection) and of immobilization techniques. Numerous methods are known to construct oligosaccharides by chemical methods. A typical monosaccharide building block, used in oligosaccharide assembly, is equipped with different protecting groups that mask the hydroxyl and amine groups. In general, a good leaving group at the anomeric center that can easily be activated is mandatory; especially trichloroacetimidates, phosphates, and thioethers have been widely used for the creation of glycosidic bonds. After the complete assembly of the oligosaccharide, a global deprotection of all permanent protecting groups affords the desired target structure with free hydroxyl groups.
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s, which were introduced during the synthesis, must often be modified at the end to create appropriate functionalities for surface immobilization.