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    Home > Food News > Food Articles > Chinese scientists have revealed the symbic mechanism of the famous Chinese herbal medicine, hemp and honey-ring bacteria

    Chinese scientists have revealed the symbic mechanism of the famous Chinese herbal medicine, hemp and honey-ring bacteria

    • Last Update: 2021-03-09
    • Source: Internet
    • Author: User
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    , as a valuable Chinese herbal medicine, was first recorded in the Book of Herbs of Shen Nong, listed as the top product. The artificial cultivation of hemp was once considered a worldwide problem. In the 1960s, Mr. Xu Jintang, a Chinese scientist, used honey-ring bacteria to successfully plant hemp for the first time, ending the history that hemp could not be cultivated artificially. To this end, Shaanxi drug farmers spontaneously raised funds for Mr. Xu Jintang sculpture, praised him as "the father of heaven and hemp." Half a century has passed, the production of hemp is facing a series of new problems, such as variety improvement, technology update, quality improvement, and so on, it is urgent to understand the symblosis relationship between hemp and honeycella and its formation mechanism from a biological point of view.
    On April 24, 2018, a team of Yuan Wei and Huang Wei of the Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource Center, in collaboration with relevant organizations, published a research paper entitled "
    " online in the journal Nature Communications, which mamtographic as the research object, mapped the first high-quality genomic map that is entirely dependent on bacterial isomer plants.
    relationship between plants and fungi began 450 million years ago, when symblomic plants were able to derive carbon and other nutrients from the roots. More than 99% of orchids are partially dependent on symbic roots, and a class of orchids needs to rely entirely on the nutrition of the roots throughout their life cycle. Tian hemp is a completely heterogenous orchid plant, in its life cycle with at least two types of fungi: seed germination depends on purple mushrooms to provide nutrition, the formation of the original bulbs after the honeycycella can grow normally. During the cultivation process, hemp lived underground most of the time in the form of tubers, and the leaves and slivers on the stems were highly degraded, which were associated with their completely different lifestyles. This paper provides a high-quality reference genome of Tian hemp and is used to reveal the molecular basis of its completely hetero-breeding lifestyle, which is of great significance to understanding the interoperability of plants and fungi, and will help to improve the yield and quality of hemp in Chinese herbs and promote the development of related industries.
    Sequencing the hemp genome using WGS, the genome size was estimated to be 1.18 Gb through K-mer analysis. Encoding 18,969 genes is theoretically the smallest genome of a plant gene found to date. Compared with the ferrets and the little lanyu butterfly orchids, tianyu has experienced extensive gene loss, and even those that are conservative in other plant species have experienced a large number of missing events, possibly as a result of their adaptation to a completely heterogeneic lifestyle. The 3,586 gene families in hemp contracted and lost 2,961 genes. Since photochrelation is not required, the mass genome of hemp shrinks to 35,326 bp and recombines significantly, retaining only 12 genes that encode photocombinate proteins (NEPs).
    despite extensive gene loss, 430 gene families have been found to expand in Tesame, speculating that these dilation genes are linked to the hemp's completely heterogeneic lifestyle. The team first validated the idea by sequencing and assembling mitochondrial genomes. The results showed that the size of the mitochondrial genome of hemp significantly expanded to 1339kb compared with most other seed plants. At the same time, it was found that the number of GAFP genes combined with coagulant antifungal protein (GAFP) increased, and GAFP protein could inhibit the growth of subcystic and cystic bacteria. More than 80% of the GAFP gene was highly expressed in the primary bulbs and rice hemp before the stable symbic relationship between hemp and honeycillus was established. By combining 16S kerucleosomes and rDNA ITS sequence analysis, it was found that the diversity of bacteria and fungi was significantly lower in the primary bulb stage (P<0.05), which is consistent with the GAFP gene expression model. The subsequent increase in the diversity of bacteria and fungi means that honeycella can affect the microbiome and its links to symblotics.
    the lack of photocodyrobacterial capacity, hemp relies entirely on symblobacter to provide nutrition. The team found that unicorn gold esters are an important signal of the symbiotic relationship between hemp and honeycillus, and their mechanism of action is similar to that of promoting symbiosis between plants and mycobacteria. In hemp, the number of the key genes carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs) and ABC transporters (PDRs) has increased, and controlled experiments have shown that unicorn glycogen promotes mycillary mycelium branching and helps to establish symbrotic relationships between nectar and honeycella. The number of calcitonin-dependent protein kinase DMI3 genes in hemp also increased, which helped to further regulate the cultivation of honeycycline bacteria in hemp (infested symblosis). Microstructage analysis shows that the growth of honeycycella mycelium after implantation (infested symblosis) will be mainly limited to the cortical layer of hemp, which is consistent with the highest level of transcription of the PDRs gene in the cortical layer. The cortical layer is the most important metabolic center of hemp, and the transcription level of genes such as hydrolyzed enzymes and transporter is basically the highest in the organization. Endo-β-1, 4-D-xylanase and β-glucosidase genes have increased in number in hemp, both of which are thought to play a key role in hydrolyzed honey cyclococcal filament walls, which provide a carbon source for hemp. In addition, the increase in the number of genes is the glutamate N-acetyltransferase and reureases, which are key genes in the biosynthetic synthesis of arginine and urea metabolism and are thought to play a key role in the transport of methotrexate.
    These results show how fully heterogeneic plants can use the plasticity of the genome to complete their unique life history by achieving extensive gene contraction and even loss, expansion, and new functionalization of genes, which can serve as a model for symblosis of plants and germs. This study is of great significance for further improving the cultivation technology of hemp, directing the selection of new varieties, and ensuring the yield and quality of medicinal herbs.
    the paper was jointly completed by the Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource Center, the Institute of Plant Research of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Noo Wei Zhiyuan Technology Co., Ltd., Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences. (Source: Science.com)
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