Classification and construction of waterproof construction

Classification of waterproof construction
1.3.1 According to the form of waterproof material division
1, rigid waterproof material construction
rigid waterproof material construction, that is, mainly refers to waterproof mortar or waterproof concrete construction.
Rigid waterproof material refers to cement mortar, sand, stone bone as raw materials, or mixed with a small amount of admitch agent, polymer polymer and other materials, through reasonable adjustment of cement mortar, concrete matching ratio, reduce or suppress the pore rate, improve pore structure characteristics, increase the compactness between the interface of the materials and other methods of preparation with a certain impermeability of cement mortar, concrete waterproof materials.
II, coating waterproof material construction
waterproof coating (also known as film waterproof material) is a fluid or semi-fluid substance, painted on the base surface, by solvent or moisture volatility, or chemical reactions between the components, the formation of a certain elastic film, so that the surface is isolated from water, play a waterproof, moisture-proof effect
China's waterproof coating development and application began in the 1960s, initially mainly asphalt-based waterproof paint, nearly a decade has been from the traditional asphalt-based waterproof coating to high polymer modified asphalt waterproof coating and synthetic polymer waterproof coating development, has been developed and produced low, medium and high-grade products, production and variety, promoting the development of building waterproof engineering.
coating film waterproof construction according to the thickness of the coating film is divided into thin paint construction and thick coating construction. Thin coatings are often constructed by brushing or spraying. Thick coatings are often constructed by applying pressure or scraping. The tools and processes used vary depending on the performance of the coating itself. According to the needs of the project, paint waterproof can be made into a simple coating layer or tire body reinforced material coating film (plus glass silk cloth or chemical fiber, polyester felt) to make a cloth two coating, two cloth three coating, multi-cloth multi-coat.
, waterproof coil construction, waterproof
is an important variety of building waterproof materials. It can usually be divided into asphalt waterproof coil with asphalt as the basic raw material, high polymer modified asphalt waterproof coil with high polymer modified asphalt as the basic raw material, and synthetic polymer waterproof coil with synthetic polymer material as the basic raw material. The former category is the traditional waterproof coil, however, its tire material has been new development and application, in China's waterproof engineering still has a certain use, while the latest two types of waterproof coil represent the development direction of waterproof coil, because of its superior performance, is China's future development and application of new waterproof coil.
commonly used construction methods for waterproofing coils are hot-stick, cold-stick, hot-melt, self-sticking, mechanical fixation, etc.
IV, metal plate (piece) waterproof construction
metal plate (sheet) material waterproof is mainly used for the use of metal sheet as roofing material, the structure layer and waterproof layer into one roof system. There are many kinds of metal sheet, such as zinc plate, aluminum-plated zinc plate, aluminum alloy plate, aluminum magnesium alloy plate, titanium alloy plate, copper plate, stainless steel plate and so on. The thickness is generally 0.4 to 1.5mm, and the surface of the plate is generally coated. Due to the different materials and coating quality, its life span is different, some life can reach more than 50 years, the production shape of the plate is a variety of, some for composite plate, that is, the insulation layer composite between two layers of metal plate, some are single board; Therefore, metal roofing forms are diverse, from large public buildings to factories, storage, housing, etc. are used.
5. Waterproof construction of sealing materials
The sealing materials used in buildings refer to the materials filled with seams, cracks, door and window frames, glass edges and pipe joints or connections with other structures.
commonly used sealing materials are modified asphalt seal waterproof material and synthetic polymer seal waterproof material two categories, their performance differences are large, construction methods should be based on specific materials, commonly used construction methods have cold embedding and thermal irrigation two categories.
6. Grout blocking material construction
grout blocking material construction generally refers to the slurry will be made of chemical materials, through drilling to bury the grout nozzle, the use of pressure to inject it into the structural cracks, through its diffusion, solidification, to achieve waterproof, leak-blocking, reinforcement, reinforcement purposes. It is often used to repair deep cracks in concrete structures. According to the pressure and speed of grout, it can be divided into high-pressure rapid grout method and low-pressure slow grout method.
1.3.2 According to whether the heating operation is used in the construction division
1, hot melt method construction
hot melt method construction refers to the high-polylysed asphalt hot melt coil paving method. Hot melt coil is a kind of remnant hot melt film coated with a higher softening point on the bottom surface of the factory production process. It does not need to be coated with adhesive, but with a flame to bake hot melt directly with the grass paste. This method is less affected by the climate when it is constructed, and the dryness of the grass-roots surface is relatively relaxed, but the requirements for the control of the fire conditions are moderate when baking. For roofing works, hot-melt coils can be paved with a full-stick or strip-stick method.
2, cold stick method construction
cold paste construction usually refers to the laying of roll material used in the glue is cold glue, construction does not need to heat, high polymer modified asphalt waterproof coil, especially synthetic polymer waterproof coil more use cold paste construction method.
cold paste construction of coils, the bonding material is usually selected according to the performance of the coil, and the adhesive at the seam of the coil is sometimes different from the grass-roots adhesive. This is mainly due to the fact that the adhesive at the seam requires a stronger bonding force, while the bonding force with the base can be reduced appropriately. Therefore, the construction should be careful not to mis-use, mixed. The selection of adhesives is generally indicated on the coil instruction manual or supplied with the coil.
Because the coil cold paste construction, do not need to boil asphalt and other work, so it has brought great convenience to the construction, but also reduced environmental pollution, improve the working conditions of construction workers, is a more ideal coil paving method.
used in roofing works, cold paste paving coils can be used full of sticking, strip sticking, dot sticking or empty paving.
, self-sticking method construction
self-paste coil construction refers to the self-sticking coil paving method. Self-adhesive coils are produced in factories, coated with a layer of pressure-sensitive adhesive or adhesive on the base surface of modified asphalt coils, synthetic polymer coils, PE films, etc., and a layer of isolation paper is applied to the surface. As long as the construction of the peeling of isolation paper, you can directly spread. Self-adhesive coils usually have high polymer modified asphalt adhesive, synthetic polymer adhesive two kinds. Construction generally uses a full adhesive method of paving, in order to increase the strength of bonding, the grass-roots surface should be coated with grass-roots treatment agent;
, welding method construction
welding method construction of synthetic polymer coils only PVC (PVC) waterproof coils and PE (polyethylene) waterproof coils. The laying of coils is the same as that of general polymer coils, and the seams are welded. There are two welding methods: one is hot-melt welding (hot air welding), that is, the use of hot air welding gun, electric heating to produce hot gas from the nozzle, the surface of the coil melted to welding fusion, and the other is solvent welding (cold welding), that is, the use of solvents (such as tyhydrofuran) for jointing. Seams are also between joining and butting. At present, most of our country adopts the hot air welding method.
alloy metal coils are also constructed by welding method, i.e. by electric heating the solder or solder strip is evenly covered on the weld surface after heat melting, cooling to connect the metal coils together.
1.3.3 According to the paving method of waterproof material at the time of construction
First, spray construction
coating spray construction is to place the less viscous waterproof coating in an airtight container, through the gear pump or air pressure pump, the paint from the container, through the conveyor pipe to the spray gun, the paint is evenly sprayed on the base surface, forming a uniform and dense waterproof film.
spray construction speed, high efficiency, especially suitable for a variety of roofing construction. Paint spraying should be based on the type of paint, the use of suitable solvents or water in a timely manner to clean the nozzle, conveyor tube, container, etc.
, brush coating construction
thin paint can be used brown brush, long handle brush, round brush, etc. for artificial brush coating. Brushing with a brush is generally a brush method, but also can be used to reverse the paint while brushing well. Coating should be first coated facade, after coating plane, coating facade is best to use the coating method, painting should be uniform. Pour should be evenly poured, not in one place to pour too much, otherwise the paint is difficult to brush open, will cause thick and thin uneven phenomenon. Bubbles must not be wrapped in the coating when painting and should be removed immediately in the event of foaming. Brushing should be carried out according to the number of times determined by prior testing, must not be in order to save trouble, effort and over-painting thick.
, scraping construction
thick coating should use iron smear or plywood scraping construction. Scratch coating construction, generally first the paint directly dispersed on the grass, with scraping plate back and forth, so that it is thick and uniform, no bottom, no bubbles, smooth surface, and then wait for its drying. The paint with poor leveling is crushed with an iron smear when the surface has not yet been conjunctivized. The pressure time should be appropriate, premature pressure, can not play a role;
, inlay construction,
construction mainly refers to the construction of sealing materials. The inlay operation of sealing material can be divided into hot irrigation and cold inlay construction. Modified asphalt sealing materials are commonly constructed by thermal irrigation, while synthetic polymer sealing materials are commonly constructed by cold inlay.
materials constructed using the thermal irrigation process need to be heated in the field to make them fluid and used. The thermal irrigation method is suitable for sealing the flat seams. Cold embedding construction is mostly manual operation, with putty knife or scraper embedded filling, more advanced have the use of electric or manual seam gun for inlay filling.
1.3.4 by waterproof engineering site division
1, roof waterproofing project
roof waterproofing refers to preventing rainwater from entering the interior from the roof. There are now requirements for comprehensive roofing, such as activity sites, car parks, rooftop gardens, water storage insulation, planting roofs, etc., which are more demanding for waterproofing.
II, toilets and floor waterproofing works
toilets and floor waterproofing is to prevent life, production of water and living, production of sewage leakage downstairs, or through the partition wall into other rooms. Bathrooms and some production workshop pipes, equipment, water consumption concentration, splash serious, acid-base liquid is also a lot, sometimes not only requires to prevent leakage, but also to prevent acid-base liquid erosion, especially for the chemical production workshop.
Three, underground waterproofing project
underground engineering refers to industrial and civil construction underground engineering, protection engineering, municipal tunnels, mountain and underwater tunnels, caves, underground railways and other buildings and structures. Underground project waterproofing is the underground project waterproof design, waterproof construction and maintenance management and other technical work. Because of the complex structure and special construction methods, underground engineering is affected by the infiltration and erosion of surface water, groundwater, capillary water, etc., and the influence of nearby hydrogeological changes caused by man-made factors, which make waterproofing, waterproof construction, maintenance management more difficult and demanding.
, the outer wall waterproofing project
waterproofing of the outer wall refers to prevent rainwater or the external wall cleaning water and other seepage into the room. Exterior wall waterproofing has not been taken seriously, because compared to roofing, underground engineering, toilets and other parts, its leakage and leakage caused by the impact of smaller. However, with the improvement of people's requirements for production and living environment, and the decrease of leakage rate of roofing and underground works, the importance of waterproofing of exterior walls is becoming more and more obvious. China's external wall waterproof research is still in its infancy, under what conditions need to carry out waterproof wall defense, different structures and wall materials when waterproof defense structure, suitable for the external wall waterproof material varieties of further development, etc. need more research and summary.
, reservoir and water structure waterproofing project
reservoir, reservoir waterproofing is to prevent water or liquid leakage, located in the ground but also to prevent groundwater infiltration. Therefore, in addition to the water storage (liquid) pool structure itself has waterproof (liquid) capacity, generally waterproof layer is located in the interior, and the required waterproof materials will not pollute water quality (liquid) or be corroded by the reservoir, most of the use of inormeric materials, such as polymer mortar and cement-based waterproof materials.
6. Bridge waterproofing project
With the deepening of China's reform and opening-up, transportation facilities throughout the country have developed rapidly, in the past two decades, Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Guangzhou and other large and medium-sized cities have built a large number of large-span urban bridges, elevated bridges, overpouts and other urban bridges, highways, first-class highways and other high-grade roads are more than 10,000 kilometers per year speed increase. However, many bridges do not do waterproof or the use of waterproof material improperly caused the bridge to seep water, so that steel corrosion, laying layer peeling, alkaline bone reaction, corrosion caused by steel corrosion caused by concrete expansion cracking and other serious damage problems, seriously affecting the bridge's robustness and service life, driving comfort and safety. In recent years, people's awareness of the importance of waterproofing urban roads and bridges has become increasingly clear, and more and more bridges have begun to adopt bridge waterproofing systems
From the bridge structure type, surface materials, waterproofing technology, waterproofing methods, performance, maintenance costs and other aspects have made detailed provisions, China's road bridge waterproof construction specifications and acceptance standards are constantly improving.