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Recently, researchers at the Leibnitz-Forsgus Institute (FMP) in Berlin, Germany, discovered a previously unknown mechanism: osmotic pressure, a change in water and ion balance, triggers a reaction within hours, leading to increased formation and activity of autophagy and lysosomes. The paper, published in Nature-Cell Biology, details new signaling paths and provides an important basis for improving understanding of environmentally affecting cell circulation and degradation systems, and how to apply this knowledge to treatment.
human cells occasionally need a "sweep" to remove misfolded protein molecules or damaged organells and prevent protein molecules from gathering. Responsible for this removal mechanism is the "autophagy" and its closely related lysosome system. Numerous studies have shown that autophagy and lysosomes play an important role in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. But what else does this important system work besides hunger?
now, researchers have found that water loss induces lysosome formation and autophagy. "When dehydration occurs, we suddenly see more lysosomes in the cells, where the protein molecules that gather are degraded." Co-author Tanja Maritzen, Ph.D., FMP, said, "This is a clever adaptation because the loss of cell moisture also promotes protein aggregation, which must be removed quickly to ensure the continued function of cells." The
also revealed that the ion transporter NHE7 was responsible for opening the new path. In the case of dehydration, the ion transporter NHE7 is transferred from the inside of the cell in its normal position to the cytocyte membrane to protect the cell from external interference. This causes sodium ions to flow into cells, indirectly increasing calcium levels, a key messenger in the cytoste. Increased calcium levels activate a transcription factor called TFEB, which eventually turns on autophagy and lysosome genes. In other words, the system is activated by the ion transporter NHE7 and triggered by osmosis stress.
" approach is completely unknown and a completely new mechanism. Volker Haucke, who heads the team, said, "This study demonstrates the fundamental effects of water and ion balance on the molecular ability of cells and tissues to break down defective proteins, and we plan to better understand the mechanism's role in aging, neurodegeneration, and the prevention of several other diseases." Information
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