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    Home > Biochemistry News > Biotechnology News > DNA nanotechnology: Use information in DNA to build objects.

    DNA nanotechnology: Use information in DNA to build objects.

    • Last Update: 2020-08-28
    • Source: Internet
    • Author: User
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    Vincent Van Gogh's "Night of the Stars and Moons" is a classic of post-impressionist art.
    since the Dutch artist created "Night of the Stars and Moons" in 1889, the whirlpools in the paintings have driven art lovers into a frenzy.
    2016, Ashwin Gopinath, a bioengineer at the California Institute of Technology, reconstructed the work.
    , however, he used DNA, not ink, to draw a copy of the painting.
    Gopinath's creations on silicon wafers, showing the rise of DNA nanotechnology, a once-unseeded branch of material science.
    field emerged in the 1990s.
    , scientists began designing nanoscale machines.
    now, more than 300 research groups are trying to use DNA base pairing properties to process molecules as a building material rather than as carriers of genetic information.
    "once we begin to realize that we can use the information in DNA to build objects, a series of creative activities begin."
    , a synthetic chemist at New York University who is widely regarded as the pioneer of DNA nanotechnology, said.
    build strategy During cell division, DNA forms a four-stranded intermediate called the Hollidi link.
    structure is unstable and can quickly disintegrate into a double-stranded spiral.
    early 1980s, Seeman managed to keep the structure stable by pairing sequences of each chain at the intersection.
    he went on to create six-strand intersections, forming the first branched DNA structure in 3D.
    a series of increasingly complex designs followed: a branched cube in 1991, a branched DNA crystal in 1998 and a DNA pipeline in 2005.
    2004, William Shih, a biochemist who now works at Harvard University's Wise Institute for Bio-Inspired Engineering, adopted a different approach.
    he used only single-stranded DNA to form a 22-nanometer-wide octal body.
    the 1,669-base DNA strand, which uses five DNA strands with 30 bases to maintain shape.
    based on this idea, two years later Rothemund used hundreds of DNA fragments with 26 to 32 bases to guide 7,000 base pairs to fold into various 2D shapes about 100 nanometers in diameter.
    Yin, a DNA scientist who also works at the Wise Institute, said it was a "landmark achievement" because it greatly increased the complexity and size of DNA nanostructures.
    years later, a team led by MIT biophysicist Mark Bathe developed an aid called CanDo to examine DNA origami blueprints built by the cadNAno software program.
    " it will tell you what the drawn structure looks like in 3D.
    ," Bathe said.
    , his team developed a tool called DAEDALUS.
    only by entering the desired geometry, it can tell the user all the sequences they need, including the DNA stent.
    another way is to use DNA "bricks".
    2012, Yonggang Ke, a postdoctoral researcher at Shih Labs, invented a technique in which each "brick" of a DNA nanostructure has a unique sequence of 32 or 42 bases.
    1/4 of each sequence is complementary to the 1/4 sequence on another "brick".
    by connecting and expanding these "bricks," the researchers were able to assemble a canvas like a brick wall.
    use of these novel DNA shapes in nano-manufacturing applications is to carry materials such as pharmaceutical molecules, metal nanoparticles, and proteins.
    it is often easiest to place these useful materials on DNA before it is constructed into various shapes.
    Rothemund says "goods" are generally loaded onto hinged DNA, and because each structure can include about 200 hinged DNA, they provide ample opportunity to precisely place molecular "goods."
    DNA molecules are charged.
    means that a negatively charged binding spot pattern can be etched on a flat surface using an electron beam, allowing the nanostructure to be arranged under the effect of static electricity.
    This is exactly what Rothemund's team demonstrated when they reconstructed Star Moon Night with a dense array of photonic crystal cavities -- micron-sized devices that produce resonances, containing dyed and carefully placed DNA nanostructures.
    idea is to use DNA nanostructures to mold nanoparticles.
    this requires a fairly large and strong DNA nanostructure with internal pores.
    working with the Bathe team, Yin led the team to build such structures using DNA "bricks."
    , team members then introduced silver nanoparticle seeds into the pores and allowed them to grow in the presence of soluble silver, just as icing sugar grows in an oversaturated solution.
    these seeds grow and fill pores, eventually producing cubes, sphericals, triangles, and Y-shaped nanoparticles.
    Chemist Chad Mirkin of Northwestern University is pursuing another nano-strategy called programmable atomic equivalent.
    these nanoparticle nuclei can be metals, polymers, and proteins.
    hundreds of partially double-stranded DNA molecules are attached to the surface of the particle nuclei, forming dense DNA shells.
    of the single chain complements the free end of other "atomic equivalents".
    when these structures are mixed together, they connect and expand into lattics that precisely place the desired atoms in space.
    " is a very reliable method.
    ," Mirkin said.
    of the drug nano-factory nanostructure DNA is a luminous material called fluorescent molecules.
    example, GATTAquant DNA Nanotechnology, based in Brunswick, Germany, uses DNA origami structures and fluorescent molecules to make nanoscales to validate ultra-high resolution microscopes.
    microscope allows researchers to break through the resolution limits set by the diffraction of light to capture images.
    , however, max Scheible, head of research and development at GATTAquant, said there were no criteria for measuring the resolution of the system.
    "DNA nanotechnology makes this possible.
    "GATTAquant attachs fluorescent molecules at precise distances to nanostructures and mounts them on glass carriers.
    nanoscale rulers allowed researchers to verify the resolution of microscopes smaller than the light wave orbiting limit.
    Ultivue, a Cambridge, Massachusetts-based start-up, wants to use nanostructures to influence cancer research.
    in cancer tissue, biomarkers such as BRCA1 and HER2 proteins can indicate the onset or deterioration of the disease and potentially aid diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.
    at Ultivue's headquarters, Manese demonstrated the company's technology.
    on a computer monitor are cells placed by Manesse in thin slices of lung tissue under a microscope.
    when he dims the light of the microscope to red, the cells disappear.
    appear in its location are a few bright spots that indicate the biomarker of immune cells called T-cells, CD3.
    these proteins are labeled by Ultivue's DNA-based imaging probe: a short "rivet" chain is attached to the antibody, and its complementary "imaging" chain carries fluorescent dyes.
    each biomarker of interest has its own "rivet" chain, and complementary "imaging" chains can be added, imaged, and removed one at a time.
    , the image is superimposed to obtain a composite image of lung tissue.
    Manesse said this leaves the number of biomarkers studied virtually unlimited, while tissue samples can still be preserved.
    nanostructures can also be used to build sensors, drugs and vaccines for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes.
    for example, the researchers fixed antigen streptomycin and oligonucleotides together with the cytosine-birdine base sequence on the tetumour DNA nanostructure that promotes the immune response to create a synthetic vaccine.
    in mouse studies, the vaccine produced higher levels of antibodies against streptomycin than a mixture of streptomycin and oligonucleotides alone.
    , Shih hopes to create a drug nano-factory: DNA origami nanocapsules that can produce drugs on demand using cell building blocks in the body.
    ", this is still in the exploratory research stage.
    ," Shih said.
    , nanocapsules can contain polymerases and DNA templates that make RNA.
    is triggered, it starts producing and releasing loads, just like viruses that use cellular material to replicate themselves.
    .
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