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1.
(1) In the field first aid of chemical contact infection and acute chemical poisoning, it is very important to understand the nature of the harmful substance and carry out preliminary treatment
(2) Immediately cut off the source of leakage or exposure to prevent continued harm to people, and set up necessary warning areas
(3) The three ways of chemical poisoning and the basic emergency response measures commonly used before medical treatment include the following aspects: ① Poisoning by inhaling toxic gas, dust, smoke or aerosol through the respiratory tract
To understand the causes of contact infection and acute chemical poisoning as quickly as possible, the rescuers must first do personal protection and wear appropriate personal protective equipment
When the respiratory system is mildly poisoned, the poisoned person should be evacuated from the scene.
② Poisoned by mistakenly ingested through the digestive tract
Digestive tract poisoning must first find out what the poison is, and only after understanding the nature of the poison can it be treated symptomatically
The general method is to lavage the stomach immediately.
There are many ways to induce vomiting
③ Poisoning through skin contact
It is necessary to distinguish whether poisoning by skin contact is corrosion, allergy, or other signs.
Anyone who contaminates the skin with poisons should immediately remove the contaminated clothing and rinse with plenty of water; if the head and face are contaminated, first pay attention to flushing the eyes, flush the eyes with an eyewash for at least 15 minutes, flush the eyes while flushing, if necessary, as soon as possible Seek medical attention to a nearby hospital
(4) If the poisoning is serious and the scene cannot be handled or the situation of the poisoning is not understood, immediately report to the company leadership and safety department, and immediately escort the injured to the hospital after emergency rescue (if necessary, dial 120 to contact the ambulance support), and notify at the same time The hospital prepared for first aid and explained to the doctor the cause of the poisoning and the situation at the time
2.
(1) Everyone needs to understand that when individuals in the laboratory are injured, proper medical treatment, prevention and rescue are very important, and can effectively prevent infection or further deterioration
.
(2) First aid medical kit and training
.
The laboratory or floor should be equipped with a first-aid kit, and qualified medical personnel should provide relevant first-aid training for injuries that often occur in the laboratory, as shown in Figure 11-5
.
Figure 11-5 First aid medical kit and first aid training
Commonly used medical supplies [refer to "Design Hygienic Standards for Industrial Enterprises" (GBZ1-2010)] in the first aid kits of chemical laboratories are as follows:
Therapeutic Goods: Band-Aid, cotton wool, gauze, bandages, scissors, tweezers, spatula and so on
.
Disinfectant: 75% alcohol, iodine (containing iodine 0.
1%~0.
2%), 3% hydrogen peroxide , alcohol cotton ball
.
Sodium (potassium) cyanide antidote: isoamyl nitrite
.
Scald medicine: eucalyptus oil, blue oil hydrocarbon, scald cream, petrolatum
.
Trauma medicine: red syrup, gentian bile, anti-inflammatory powder
.
Chemical burn medicine: saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and dilute ammonia for acid injury, 3% boric acid and 2% acetic acid for alkali injury
.
Emetic: 2% copper sulfate solution
.
(3) Glass cuts, punctures, scrapes, or sprains and fractures
.
The injured should directly press the injured area to stop bleeding, clean the injured area, pick out the glass fragments, and then apply red or purple syrup, sprinkle with anti-inflammatory powder, and bandage with gauze if necessary
.
If the wound is large or deep and causes heavy bleeding, the blood vessels should be fastened tightly on the upper and lower parts of the wound to stop bleeding.
In severe cases, hemostatic and bandaging measures should be taken and sent to the hospital for diagnosis and treatment.
When the fracture is broken, use a splint to fix and bandage.
Bend and sent to hospital for treatment
.
Common sense of safe operation: when cutting and severing the glass tube (rod), or punching the bottle stopper, it is easy to cause cuts.
Wrap the glass tube with a cloth and then break it; when it is difficult to fasten or remove the glass element, wear gauze gloves or Wrap it with a rag before operation; when putting a rubber tube on the glass tube, moisten the outer wall of the glass tube and the inner hole of the plug with water or glycerin, and wear gauze gloves or wrap it with a rag before operation to prevent the glass from breaking and cutting your hands.
.
(4) Burns
.
Rinse immediately with water, and do not break the hot blisters.
Apply yellow picric acid solution or potassium permanganate solution on the burned area , and then apply petroleum jelly, scald cream or kaleidoscope oil
.
When burned by fire, immediately cool down on the spot.
Before sending to the doctor, use cooling water of about 15°C for continuous cooling, and use chlorhexidine (a disinfectant) for disinfection.
Finally, apply scalding medicine to the wound.
.
When extensive burns occur, they should be sent to the hospital for emergency treatment at the same time
.
(5) Frostbite
.
Put the frostbite part into 35-40℃ hot water and soak for about 30min
.
After returning to normal temperature, raise the frostbite part without bandaging
.
Severe cases need to be sent to hospital for treatment
.
(6) Acid injury
.
First rinse with plenty of water, then rinse with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution or dilute ammonia, and finally rinse with water, and then apply ointment or petroleum jelly
.
Phenol injury and bromine injury can be washed with plenty of water, then washed with 70% alcohol, and bandaged
.
(7) Alkaline injury
.
The corrosive damage of high-concentration alkali (such as sodium hydroxide , potassium hydroxide ) to the skin is often faster and more serious than the corrosive damage of high-concentration acid
.
Rinse with plenty of water first, then rinse with citric acid, acetic acid solution or saturated solution of boric acid , and then apply petroleum jelly
.
Three, shower and eyewash
A shower (Figure 11-6) and a double-headed eyewash device (Figure 11-7) should be equipped within 15m outside the laboratory
.
The top of Figure 11-6 is the shower: push the handle switch, the shower will spray water
.
The middle of Figure 11-6 and Figure 11-7 is a double-headed eyewash: push the handle switch, and open the eyes downwards, usually at least 15 minutes of washing
.
The sink in the laboratory should also be equipped with an eyewash, which is connected with a retractable hose, which needs to be pulled out when in use (Figure 11-8)
.
Cases have proved that the victim generally cannot use the eyewash, because he (she) will close his eyes unconsciously when he or she encounters water, and cannot open them.
If they open and close the eyes, the foreign objects in the eyes will be twisted or rolled repeatedly.
Damage to the eyeball or eye mask and aggravate the injury
.
The safety training regulations of chemical laboratories in some European universities are worthy of promotion: When using the eyewash, the colleague on the side forcibly open the upper and lower eyelids of the injured with both hands.
Once opened, they must not be closed within 15 minutes.
Another colleague Immediately pick up the eyewash, aim at the eye and rinse for at least 15 minutes, as shown in Figure 11-9
.
If the injured person has unconscious resistance (not many with strong perseverance), especially if you want to close your eyes or blink, or grab your hand to push away, or even yell or shed tears, others must force Sexually control life so that it cannot move
.
When there are foreign objects such as broken glass in the eyes, please use small tweezers to remove them patiently, make sure that they are clean and without any omissions before closing the eyelids, and decide whether to send to the hospital immediately according to the situation
.
Figure 11-6 Shower
Figure 11-7 Double-headed eyewash
Figure 11-8 Pull out the eyewash
Figure 11-9 Colleagues cooperate with eye washing