-
Categories
-
Pharmaceutical Intermediates
-
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
-
Food Additives
- Industrial Coatings
- Agrochemicals
- Dyes and Pigments
- Surfactant
- Flavors and Fragrances
- Chemical Reagents
- Catalyst and Auxiliary
- Natural Products
- Inorganic Chemistry
-
Organic Chemistry
-
Biochemical Engineering
- Analytical Chemistry
-
Cosmetic Ingredient
- Water Treatment Chemical
-
Pharmaceutical Intermediates
Promotion
ECHEMI Mall
Wholesale
Weekly Price
Exhibition
News
-
Trade Service
Background: Type 1 diabetes and hypothyroidism due to Hashimoto's thyroiditis are the two most common autoimmune diseases
.
It is common for both diseases to occur co-existing in the same person, with up to a quarter of people with type 1 diabetes carrying autoantibodies predisposing to thyroid disease, and more than one in ten patients eventually developing significant Hashimoto's thyroiditis
.
Vice versa, people with Hashimoto's thyroiditis also have an increased risk of developing type 1 diabetes, especially in
early-onset disease.
In fact, the same patient with type 1 diabetes and Hashimoto's thyroiditis are the most common autoimmune polyendocrine diseases, sometimes referred to as variants
of autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 3 (APS3).
In addition, familial studies have repeatedly shown that relatives of people with one disease are at higher risk of another, further supporting a common origin
.
Type 1 diabetes and Hashimoto's thyroiditis are complex autoimmune diseases that contribute to a variety of genetic and non-genetic factors
.
Twin studies confirm that a genetic component (i.
e.
, heritability) explains most of the observed differences between the two diseases, and molecular genetic studies have identified genetic polymorphisms
associated with both diseases.
Still, identical twins affected by both diseases are often uncoordinated, with only one pair of twins affected by the disease, highlighting the importance
of environmental factors in triggering autoimmunity.
As a result, the scale and composition of the common origins of these diseases remain largely unclear
.
Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the common familial risk of type 1 diabetes and Hashimoto's thyroiditis and to quantify the common genetic and environmental sources
of the disease using a large population-based cohort of twins.
Methods: The National Health Register was used to identify
cases of Swedish twins 110814.
Co-aggregation calculated the risk ratio of identical twins of patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis for type 1 diabetes and vice versa
.
By comparing the association between identical and fraternal twins using a structural equation model, the variance (i.
e.
, heritability) explained by genetics and its proportion
between diseases are estimated.
Results: Individuals with one disease had a higher risk of developing another (adjusted hazard ratio: 11.
4 (95% CI: 8.
5-15.
3)).
Co-aggregation was more common in monozygotes than in bizygotes, with adjusted hazard ratios of 7.
0 (95% confidence interval, CI: 3.
2 to 15.
1) and 1.
7 (95% CI: 0.
7 to 4.
1),
respectively.
Among the variants of type 1 diabetes and Hashimoto's thyroiditis, the shared genetic effect accounts for 11% and in the variation of Hashimoto's thyroiditis 9%, while environmental factors specific to the twins individually, but shared between different diseases, account for 10% and 18%
of the variants of type 1 diabetes and Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
Table 1 Number of individuals and column percentages
.
Data is expressed
in n (%).
Table 2 Association of type 1 diabetes mellitus and Hashimoto's thyroiditis in twins, family clustering, and family co-aggregation
.
Table 3 Consistency, inconsistency and thyroid correlation
between type 1 diabetes and Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
Table 4 Adjustment results for best-fitting acoustic emission models
Figure 1A, additive genetic effects
.
Environmental influences are not shared by twins
.
A is equivalent to heritability
.
Estimates are adjusted
for sex and birth cohort.
Conclusion: Both the genes and environment specific to the twins contributed to the discovery of the cause
between type 1 diabetes and Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
These findings add to current knowledge about the mechanisms behind the clustering of autoimmune diseases and may guide future research
aimed at identifying pathophysiological mechanisms and intervention targets.
Original source:
Skov J, Kuja-Halkola R, Magnusson PKE, et al.
Shared etiology of type 1 diabetes and Hashimoto's thyroiditis: a population-based twin study.
Eur J Endocrinol.
2022 May 9; 186(6):677-685.