Factors and conservation strategies that affect the change of bear population.

Eighty-five percent of the world's crops depend on insect pollination, such as fruits, vegetables, nuts and oil crops.
California big almonds are completely dependent on insect pollination to ensure production;
plants and crops, can not be separated from pollinators, they are the natural "raw" power.
However, we are losing these pollinators, where the population of bears continues to decline and places such as Europe and North America are getting worse.
, how will the decline in the number of pollinators, including bumblebees, cause? And who is threatening the lives of these pollinators? How do I protect them? In recent years, insect scientists at home and abroad have been searching for answers.
recently, the bee species resources and breeding team of the Bee Seed Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (hereinafter referred to as bee institutes) have found the "principals" who pose a great threat to the diversity of bears in East Asia, and put forward protection strategies for different bears and bees, which lay the foundation for the formulation of pollinatoric insect protection policies.
related research published in Agriculture, Ecosystems and the Environment.
maintain ingenuity and ensure that 85 per cent of the world's crops are produced by insect pollination, such as fruits, vegetables, nuts and oil crops.
California big almonds rely entirely on insect pollination to ensure production;
bear bee, which belongs to the membrane-winged bee family, is composed of 15 subspecies, is a class representative of pollinators, is an important pollinator of many wild plants and crops, and plays an important role in the ecological chain.
"its main contribution is to maintain plant diversity, to ensure the normal reproduction of plants, to maintain the balance of ecosystems, and to ensure crop yields and to maintain the safety of human food." An Jiandong, chief scientist of the bee seed resources and breeding team at the bee
, told China Science Daily.
with the development of facilities agriculture, the world set off the use of facilities fruit vegetables bee pollination boom.
in fact, the bee is not only an important pollinator of facility crops, but also an important pollinator of many wild plants, especially alpine plants, highland plants and some endangered plants, such as 77 species of bumblebee pollination plants in the mountains of North China, which are involved in 49 species 339 species, and bees and bees in Yunnan pumpkin farmland ecosystem are the most important pollining insects.
However, in recent decades, there have been reports of declining bee diversity or the endangered or even extinction of some species in several parts of the world.
the decline in bee biodiversity in places such as Europe and North America, where the population has even declined by more than 90%, and four species of bee are on the verge of extinction, which is a wake-up call for the conservation of bear bee resources in China.
bee species resources and breeding team focused on East Asia, because it is the world's most abundant bee resources, and the world's known bee species of about 250 species, China accounted for half, the world's most abundant bee species, the world's most abundant resources, the development of resource conservation research is imminent.
However, the survey of kumbe-based resources in East Asia was completed late and the threat to kuma bee diversity needed further evaluation.
compared with Europe, China's research on bee is lagging behind, the overall resources and distribution characteristics of the bee species in China are not clear, many species identification difficulties, some bee species even appear to have a few easy names, to the relevant research and utilization has brought a lot of confusion.
in order to break this dilemma, bees have conducted a background survey of Chinese bee resources for nearly 20 years, and actively explored the feasibility of artificial domestication and pollination of special populations.
identify "the culprit" bee species resources and breeding team based on 29 species of bears unique to East Asia, using species distribution model analysis, found that by 2050 or 2070, 59% to 93% of the species of bee in East Asia The distribution will be significantly reduced, with the number of bee colones in central China decreasing by 24%, Northeast Asia by 10%, and bee-bee species in central China becoming extremely endangered, endangered and vulnerable species, respectively, by 3%, 10% to 17%, and 7% to 28% of the species.
, then, what threatens the survival of pollinators such as bears? In the constant exploration, scientists gradually found traces of the "murderer." the quality of
habitats directly affects the population of pollinators.
Anjiandong said that in the past 100 years, with the rapid development of science and technology, rapid population expansion, large-scale urbanization, human activities to the natural environment brought many changes, many of the original vegetation damage serious, which will lead to the loss of wild pollinator habitat, the habitat of the bee is fragmented, seriously reducing the level of diversity of bears.
is well known that global climate change is also a key factor that already poses a threat to many species.
"Most insects can survive to this day, requiring a long-term evolutionary and adaptation process that, if large-scale climate change occurs, could lead to a decline in the resources of large-scale pollinators."
" Zhu Chaodong, a researcher at the Institute of Zoology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and director of the Chinese Entomological Society's Pollinating InsectSis Committee, told China Science Daily. In addition,
, "the heavy use of pesticides has also had a huge impact on pollinators". Zhao Zhonghua, a promotional researcher at the National Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, told China Science Daily that since the 20th century, pesticides have indeed played an important role in the prevention and control of pests in agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry and the increase of crop production, but at the same time the unreasonable application of pesticides has also caused great harm to the ecological environment.
this has become an industry consensus, with pesticides and herbicides among the factors that are among the important factors that have led to a decline in the diversity of pollinating insects such as bumblebees.
the vast majority of wild bees are nested underground, insecticides can directly kill them, and herbicides destroy their wildflower food resources, depriving them of habitat and thus having nowhere to live.
, the European Union has proven the adverse effects of neonicotinoid pesticides on bees and banned pesticides such as pyrethroids to protect the safety of pollinators, especially bees.
bee species resources and breeding team also found that the application of alien species also brought great risks and pressures to the ecological safety of native bee species in China, the results of which were published in Scientific Reports.
The European Bee is the most widely used pollinator in the world, but because of the strong, wide-ranging and adaptable nature of the European coebe population, "once the escape from the greenhouse establishes wild populations in nature, it competes with local bee species for food resources and nesting sites, and even spreads pests and diseases."
An Jiandong pointed out that it has now caused biological invasions in New Zealand, Australia, Japan, Chile, Argentina and other countries, affecting the local ecosystem balance.
In order to explore the risk of european bear bees invading China, the bee seed resources and breeding team analyzed the possible habitat habitat of European bear bees in East Asia and the overlapping risk of habitat overlap in different ecological areas of China, based on the distribution data of 24 representative bees in China and bioclimatology data, using five distribution prediction models, such as MaxEnt.
results show that the European bear bee in China's most live-in area area.
in addition to the natural distribution area of northwest Xinjiang, Qinling to the southeast of central China and Changbai Mountain in the northeast are also suitable for the distribution of this kind of bee.
in the three ecological areas of the north, south and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the European bee is the most threatening to the southern bear population, the northern population is the second largest, and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau population is the smallest.
to protect local resources to develop coping strategies at present, many governments began to attach great importance to the protection of pollinators.
in recent years, the United Kingdom, the United States, France and other countries have promulgated the protection of pollinators national strategic plan to protect its essential pollination services.
has a foreign car, in order to protect the local bee, maintain the balance of the local ecosystem, industry experts pointed out that China should be proactive, prevent problems before they occur, as soon as possible to develop pollinating insect resources protection policy.
An Jiandong suggested that we should actively manage, protect and establish the perch of pollinating insects such as bears, to provide them with a good nesting place.
In addition, according to the distribution characteristics of the bee in China, some nature reserves should also be set up in a targeted manner, such as the western edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which has the most abundant bobo species resources in the world-
actively explore the environment-friendly agricultural development model is the future development trend.
Zhao said that the use of pesticides should be reduced as far as possible, green prevention and control technology research and development, alternative chemical pesticides, to protect pollinator insect resources and their diversity, to maintain the balance and stability of the entire ecosystem.
of course, it is also a top priority to guard against invasive alien species.
An Jiandong pointed out that China should formulate strict foreign species introduction and management policies, European bear bees in China's suitable areas should not be introduced, and in the use of greenhouses to do a good job of isolation, strictly prevent escape from greenhouses in the wild to establish a population, to avoid biological invasion.
at the same time, we should increase the local bear bee resources protection and utilization of research efforts to serve China's ecological agricultural development.
since 2006, Zhu Hasan has been promoting the study of pollinators nationwide.
he said that in order to protect the resources of china's bees, we must pay attention to the research on the background of pollinators such as bears, especially the traditional classification of the research is still very weak, observation and monitoring capacity is relatively lacking.
should strengthen the construction of pollinator taxonomy from the perspective of the background, use ecological means to quantify and analyze the dynamic changes of pollinating insects, and establish a basic scientific research, evaluation and protection force for pollinators.
related paper information: DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2019.03.002DOI:10.1038/s41598-018-29414-6 Source: China Science Daily.