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    Home > Food News > Food Articles > "Genetic scissors, it's no problem to win the Nobel Prize two years early."

    "Genetic scissors, it's no problem to win the Nobel Prize two years early."

    • Last Update: 2021-03-13
    • Source: Internet
    • Author: User
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    deserve it!
    's what everyone wants!
    today, when the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences announced that it would award the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Emmanuel Schapettier, director of the Institute of Infectious Biology in Germany, and Jennifer Dudner, a professor at the University of California, Berkeley, Jennifer Jennifer Doudna, many expressed such sentiments.and Charpentier have been regulars on the No.
    as the discoverer of the CRISPR/Cas9 gene scissors, they took a small step in 2012 that could be described as a big step for humans.
    , because from then on, human beings can rewrite life, really can be as simple as "programming."because CRISPR can easily alter the genetic information of any organism, even humans themselves. Its accuracy and efficiency have profoundly changed basic research.
    CRISPR gene-editing technology has found countless heroes in history, and CRISPR/Cas9, invented by Dudner and Schiapentier, has shocked the scientific community with being described as "one of the sharpest tools in gene technology."
    Cas9 enzyme is like a pair of molecular scissors capable of cutting DNA strands, and once the enzyme cuts DNA at a specific location, it can be inserted and edited to alter the DNA sequence.
    few years after the adgenct of CRISPR-Cas9 technology, it has had a huge impact on biology, agriculture, and medicine, especially as it is contributing to new disease therapies and may make the dream of a cure for genetic diseases come true.
    , French microbiologist and director of the Institute of Infectious Biology at the Max Planck Institute in Germany. The main contribution is to discover that the activity of the Cas9 protein depends on tracerRNA.
    , Professor of Chemistry and Molecular Biology and Cell Biology at the University of Berkeley, Fellow of the Howard Hughes Institute of Medicine, fellow of the National Academy of Sciences. Together with Emmanuelle Charpentier, cas9's cutting and crRNA positioning were discovered, and crRNA and tracerRNA can be fused into single-stranded guided RNA (sgRNA).Han Zeguang, Executive Vice President, Institute of Systems Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaozhou University
    Chair Professor,
    Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Visiting Researcher Yu Tingqing Head of the Genetic Engineering Technology Research Group of the Institute of Animals, Wang Yi Genetics and Development Gao Caixia, a researcher at the Institute of Biology,Institute of Neuroscience
    Wu Yuxuan, a professor at East China Normal University , said: Its greatest significance is to edit DNA sequences very precisely, using targeting as a metaphor through which it can "point to where to hit".
    the previous genome editing or genome engineering is not widely adaptable, the technology is difficult, few laboratories can master this technology. With CRISPR, "the old king XieTang Before Yan finally flew into the ordinary people's home."
    compared with previous technologies, it is simple, easy to learn, inexpensive, greatly reduces the entry threshold, and more importantly, it is more efficient to target, can be targeted at multiple targets at the same time editing and modification.
    : Any major scientific issue or technological breakthrough is often not the contribution of one or two people, including CRISPR this field is actually a lot of people for many years of continuous research.
    the work of both of them is important, and for a representative system in the CRISPR system, all the necessary functional components can be purified, proving for the first time in-body targeted cutting chemical reactions for specific DNA molecules. This parsing also provides the most basic framework for subsequent applications.
    I think it's because of the core conceptual work that I fully understand the choice of the Nobel Prize.
    : It's not fast enough to win a prize in eight years, because the technology is so important. Like the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry that year, the technology immediately revolutionized molecular biology, and DNA could not be amplified without it.
    the same is said of CRISPR, which is now used in almost all of the research on gene function. It's all right to win the prize in the first two years! : Jennifer A. Doudna and I have worked on several scientific committees. Later she invited me to a meeting she had organized. Obviously, she is also a "superstar" professor in the United States, has won many awards.
    she is very young, full of energy, like running! She is her own RNA biology, the grasp of things is very keen, she can capture in a short time CRISPR / Cas9 gene scissors technology and use, you can see her potential and ability.
    , she is also an enthusiastic person, actively organizing and participating in many public welfare and scientific research supervision of social activities.
    I think that as a scientist, she is very sensitive to ethical issues, and to speak out about the understanding and social impact of a particular technology, not only in the scientific and technological community, but also in the community caused a series of discussions, highlighting the social responsibility of scientists.
    Gao Caixia: the meeting often met, see the award news, the first time I was ready to write them email congratulations.
    Doudna is very capable, very beautiful, she is very tall, very slim, but also very professional, every time you finish the report exchange, she will give you a high rating.
    don't have much contact with Charpentier compared to Doudna, she doesn't talk much, but you can feel that she's a very good scientist and she's been talking to people outside of meetings. : The Nobel Committee said it would not answer that question. But I think Zhang Feng has made a great contribution in this process, he is now doing a lot of work using Crispr to develop testing methods, even if it is not gene editing, a lot of the follow-up work done well will have a chance to win the Nobel Prize.
    : Zhang Feng in the CRISPR field follow-up series of work, do very well. I think he is the first person in the field of CRISPR application technology development, in CRISPR technology development applications and further mining, he can be said to be the main leader.
    Of course, the reason for the award is that CRISPR technology, as a gene-editing tool, is also an important type of immune system analysis of microorganisms, and in fundamental terms, it is true that the work of Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier has parsed this principle.
    of course this thing can work in mammals, there is still a lot of work to be done, depending on where the committee draws the "line". I think if you give Zhang Feng is also completely reasonable, do not give can also have their explanation.
    : Zhang Feng's patent is the leading in the United States, but in Europe, Doudna was the first to obtain the relevant patent. This difference may also be related to the patent system.
    Zhang Feng did not list among them did have some regrets, but it is not surprising. I always thought it might be three scientists who won the award.
    other combination could be the two of them, plus Maria Jasin, the first scientist to prove that double-stranded FRACTUREs in DNA can increase gene editing efficiency, and last year she won the Hong Kong-based Yifu Prize for Life Sciences and Medicine. But in any case, Charpentier and Doudna are definitely two of them.
    : From the point of view of rewarding scientific discovery, Dudner and Schiapentier's prize is uncontrappable and unsuited!
    2012, the two men were the first to discover that using Cas9's CRISPR system could cut any DNA strand and turn the bacteria's natural immune system into a CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing tool.
    January 2013, MIT Professor Zhang Feng and Harvard Medical School Professor George Church also demonstrated that CRISPR-Cas9 can edit mammalian cell genes.
    is about original discovery, and Zhang Feng's credit is that the tool has been well adapted. Without the discovery of Dudner and Schiapentier as the basis for support, Zhang Feng could not have been able to achieve the application of human cells. On merit, Zhang Feng can only be counted as the third.
    , if the Nobel Prize is to be awarded to Zhang Feng, it will have to be awarded to George Cherch at the same time, which is not in line with the rules for the award of the Nobel Prize. : There is no sexism in scientific research. In the field of biomedical science, women are more likely to be researchers.
    as an experimental science, in addition to the need for imagination, experimental work also requires careful, patient, peaceful attitude, women have an advantage over men. This year's Nobel Prize in Physics also has an excellent female researcher.
    : Maybe not so obvious in China, but in many other countries, male and female scientists, especially pi (principal researcher) or professor, are very disproportionate.
    the award was not given because of gender, but their work did prove to the world that women scientists can be as good as male scientists. Including yesterday's Nobel Prize winner in physics, there is also a woman scientist. : It can be said that the highlight of our country's gene editing work is world-class, not much different from other countries.
    fact, the development of our country in the field of life sciences over the past 10 years, thanks to this technology, it provides convenient tools, which is also a welcome thing.
    the earliest basic technical links of gene editing technology have been solved, but the off-target effect, efficiency and other issues deserve further attention. The next step should be to deepen the study of basic theory, especially in the bio-chemical system should seek some breakthroughs in basic research.
    is widely used in agriculture, animal husbandry, gene therapy, detection and other means of development. In addition, we should strengthen the deepening and optimization of gene editing system, several domestic groups are doing, very influential in the international community.
    : We are currently working on gene therapy for thalassemia. Thalassemia and sickle anemia are the world's highest single-gene genetic diseases, but there is no effective cure for allogeneic stem cell transplantation, but the matching of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells is difficult.
    with gene editing technology, we can take out the patient's hematopoietic stem cells directly, edit specific places in-body, and transplant them back, so that we can hopefully cure the disease.
    rapid transformation in the United States, and after CRISPR, Schiapentier co-founded CRISPR Therapeutics to develop CRISPR-based gene editing therapies for diseases such as thalassemia and sickle anemia.
    2018, they started the first clinical trial of gene editing to treat blood diseases, using a treatment strategy developed by Daniel Bauer, a mentor at Harvard Medical School.
    I returned home, in collaboration with Shanghai Bangyao Bio and Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, I pioneered the completion of a scientific clinical trial for the treatment of two cases of beta-0/beta-0 severe thalassemia patients through gene editing.
    the two patients were discharged from the hospital after more than a month of treatment, had been released from blood transfusions, hemoglobin returned to normal levels.
    now, the U.S. and Chinese research teams have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of CRISPR-based gene-editing therapy as a new generation of clinical treatment strategies for thalassemia and sickle anemia.
    I predict that within three to five years, if there are institutions around the world that can complete a full clinical trial, the technology will most likely be approved for sale for the benefit of a wide range of patients.
    , CRISPR technology could be extended to the treatment of other single- and multi-gene genetic diseases, and even more widely.
    For example, if tumor immunity and gene editing techniques are combined, immune cells could theoretically be modified with gene editing to improve their tumor killing effect, so crispr's potential in the treatment of various diseases is immeasurable. : The tools we use as human beings are basically the most vivid. When new technologies come out, there is a positive side, and there may be a worrying side, and gene editing techniques are typical cases. In so many cell editing, there is little problem, the focus is now on human reproductive cell/embryonic gene editing research.
    In December 2015, at the first International Human Genome Editing Summit, this ethical issue was discussed and studied in a more intense and productive way, and their appeal was published in relevant scientific journals, focusing attention on technical and ethical issues and community awareness and consensus.
    Second, I think there should be a good understanding of the consequences of the use of technology, if used in very sensitive places, the whole society a considerable number of people agree to use, can not become a few people for profit means or contrary to the existing legal already ethical framework.
    if beneficial solutions are to be provided to human society in the broadest possible way, they must be agreed upon and endorsed through ethical discussions and relevant regulatory mechanisms.
    : We discuss ethical issues, which are an important "red line" that can be inherited and non-inheritable and cannot be generally discussed. These two important concepts must be made very clear: one is inheritable or non-hereditary, the other is therapeutic or enhanced.
    therapy, that is, in the general medical and scientific community, is a disease caused by a genetic defect, in which case I restore this normal genotype, or treat the disease with gene complementation, as a treatment.
    if it is a normal genetic state, it becomes an enhanced genotype, which is enhanced. So, both important categories affect your ethical judgment.
    , in simple terms, society is good, the media is good, should not do simple "binary theory"
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