"Genetic Scissors" won the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry CRISPR three "complaints" ended?

At 17:45 BST on October 7th, the high-profile 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was announced. Dr. Emmanuelle Charpentier of the Max Planck Institute for Pathogens in Germany and Dr. Jennifer A. Doudna of the University of California, Berkeley, won the award for discovering CRISPR/Cas9 gene scissors, one of the sharpest tools in genetic technology.
CRISPR/Cas9 is the third generation of "genome fixed-point editing techniques" that have emerged after "zinc finger nucleic acid endoenzyme (ZFN)" and "class transcription activation factor effect nuclease (TALEN)."
so-called "gene editing technology" is a technology that allows humans to "edit" the target gene to remove and add specific DNA fragments.
Regarding two award-winning scientists, Emmanuelle Charpentier, known as the "mother of gene editing", was born in 1968 in Juvis-on-Orvi, France, and has won 10 prestigious scientific awards, and is currently director of the Institute of Infectious Biology at the German Magnup Society, having worked at nine different universities in five different countries over the past 20 years.
Jennifer A. Doudna, known as the "CRISPR Goddess", was born in Washington, D.C., in 1964 and is now a professor at the University of California, Berkeley, a researcher at the Howard Hughes Institute of Medicine, and received the World Achievement Award for Outstanding Female Scientist in 2016.
an article on CRISPR/Cas9 gene scissors in 2003 by Spanish microbiologist Francisco Mojica has been rejected in a series of journals such as Nature and PNAS because it is too "bizarre" to think that single-celled bacteria and germs do not have "high-end" immune system nodes.
suggests that an immune mechanism is widespread among bacteria and germs that can remember the genetic characteristics of viruses that have previously infected them and provide targeted defenses.
it wasn't until 2005, when Mojica's research was published in the Journal of Molecular Evolution, that a new term began to come to the fore - Clustered Interval Short Echo Repetition, or CRISPR for short, and Francisco Mojica became the first discoverer of the CRISPR system.
, Emmanuele Charpentier discovered a previously unknown molecular tracerRNA in her research on streptococcus, which proved to be part of the bacteria's ancient immune system CRISPR/Cas, which disables attacks by cutting the virus's DNA.
2011, Charpentier made the results public and in the same year collaborated with Jennifer Doudna, a veteran biochemist with extensive RNA knowledge, who successfully reconstructed the bacteria's genetic scissors in a test tube and simplified its molecular composition to make it easier to use.
, they open a new chapter in the history of gene editing: human-designed wizard RNA allows Cas9 proteins to cut any specified dna sequence.
many important findings from the CRISPR/Cas-based study.
the CRISPR/Cas9 gene scissors have had a revolutionary impact on the life sciences, are contributing to new cancer therapies and may make dreams of a cure for hereditary diseases come true, according to the official website of the Awards.
the end of the gene editing giant's "complaints"? While congratulating the two female scientists, many lamented the "lost" Nobel Prize for Zhang Feng, another gene-editing magnate.
fact, there has been a long-standing debate about whether the Chinese scientist who first applied CRISPR gene editing techniques to mammalian and human cells should have won the Nobel Prize.
2012, Jennifer Doudna and Emmanulle Charpentier collaborated to publish a landmark paper in the history of gene editing in the journal Science, which successfully analyzed how CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing works.
Of course, while the two scientists were conducting research related to CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, a 30-year-old Chinese scientist from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology was acutely aware of CRISPR's bright future and began to do so.
name, called Zhang Feng.
2013, Zhang Feng first applied CRISPR gene editing technology to mammalian and human cells in the journal Science, becoming the first scientist to edit the mammalian cell genome with CRISPR/Cas9.
, CRISPR gene editing technology has officially become the most dazzling technology in the field of life sciences in recent years, and the three scientists are also known as the "CRISPR gene editing giant".
that Doudna and Charpentier were the first to discover the CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technology, while Zhang Feng was the first to find gold in the gold mine.
past, Zhang Feng and Doudna and others have teamed up to create Editas Medicine, a gene editing company, but the partnership broke down shortly afterwards, with the two camps' patent battle over CRISPR/Cas9 on the table.
Doudna "Single Fly" founded its own company, Intellia Therapeutics, and Emmanuele Carpenter founded CRISPR Therapeutics, all of which are listed.
Although Doudna and Charpentier first published their papers, from the current CRISPR/Cas9 research results, half of the major breakthroughs came from Zhang Feng's hands, and the rest of the major breakthroughs also used Zhang Feng's free distribution of scientific resources.
, Zhang Feng's position in the field of gene editing as "one brother" is almost unshakable.
2014, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) granted a patent request from the Broad Institute, where Zhang Feng is located.
2018, the U.S. Patent Office court 9th 9th, Doudna's patent interference claim against Zhang Feng's theocyte CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology is not valid.
U.S. Patent Office ruled that Doudna and Vilnius' patent application only cut DNA fragments in the test tube and did not involve cells, genomes, or gene editing.
"lost" in the patent race, but this win is undoubtedly a great recognition of Doudna and Charpentier's contribution to the field of gene editing.
fact, there has always been a preference for Charpentier and Doudna in academia, which won the "Life Sciences Breakthrough Award" in 2015, the Alpert Award in 2016 and the Wolff Prize in 2020.
For the two Doudna and Charpentier winners of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Professor Rao commented in his personal public opinion: "Unique originality is more elegant than close competition, and discovery and invention are more important than publication and presentation."
Wang Weiyi, head of the genetic engineering technology research group of the Institute of Animal Engineering of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, said in an interview with china Science Daily that Zhang Feng has made great contributions to a series of subsequent work in the field of CRISPR, is the first person in the field of CRISPR applied technology development, and is also the main leader in the development and application of CRISPR technology and further excavation.
but in fundamental terms, the principle analysis of Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier is undoubtedly an important one.
In any case, CRISPR technology can be applied so widely to all fields of life science and medicine, to make indelible contributions to the development of human beings and science and technology, to bring new hope for saving lives, can not be separated from the gene editing giant represented by scientists, each of them should be respected by the world.
: "Genetic scissors, no problem with winning the Nobel Prize two years earlier"? Zhang Feng won the patent, regret to lose the Nobel Prize... 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Announced: Controversial Gene Editing Technology Original Title: 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "Gene Scissors", Zhang Feng Missed the Nobel Prize, CRISPR Big Three "Grievances" Ended?