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    Home > Active Ingredient News > Immunology News > Gut: In-depth interpretation! Why is the body's intestinal immune response also site-specific?

    Gut: In-depth interpretation! Why is the body's intestinal immune response also site-specific?

    • Last Update: 2020-07-31
    • Source: Internet
    • Author: User
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    July 27, 2020 // Why chronic inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's disease affect both small intestine and colon health, while other chronic inflammatory bowel diseases such as ulcerative colitis only affect the colon, and to illustrate these clinical puzzles, a recent article in the international journal Gut, "Specific-identity cell". In a study by researchers from the University of Wuerzburg and others in the study of the "the gut epithelium", scientists from the University of Wuerzburg developed a miniature version of the digestive tract in the laboratory, and the researchers found that the digestive tract contains internal segmentation, which may give scientists a new understanding of the occurrence of common inflammatory diseases.
    picture source: Julius Maximilians-Universit?t W?rzburg, JMU scientists are now able to develop miniature versions of any organ of the body, including the skin, brain and intestines, which are typically produced by stem cells, known as organoids.
    researcher Sina Bartfeld said the organ, which is about 0.5 mm in diameter and only the size of a mustard, shows striking similarities to real organs, which, despite their very small size, are also a good way to simulate their source organs.
    organ contains the same type of cells as the real organ, and stem cells that produce organ-like organs contain a preprogrammed tissue characteristic, and stem cells know which organs they come from, even though they produce a variety of cells that exist in the body's organs during culture.
    then researchers used the stomach, small intestine and colon to produce organ-like organs, and after studying it, they accidentally discovered a large-scale molecular complexity, revealed by RNA sequencing techniques that reflect the genetic activity of cells.
    another study found that organ-like organs produced by different fragments of the digestive tract can initiate a specific gene expression process, which depends on the homogeneity of the tissues, and that stomach and intestinal cells must produce different digestive enzymes, but the researchers were surprised to find that special binding sites in the immune system may also be part of this homogeneity.
    special tissues at immune binding sites may play a key role in organ-specific inflammatory diseases, and may even be associated with the occurrence of cancer, which may also involve chronic inflammation, and how inflammation causes cancer, perhaps further research is needed to be known.
    researchers today not only produce large numbers of organ-like organs in the laboratory quickly, but also produce an additional advantage that they are able to produce approximate representations of human cells due to the composition of human tissue, and because of the substantial differences between humans and animals, organ-like organs can also help reduce animal experiments and clarify unique human diseases, in addition to the organ-like organs also play a key role in drug development.
    , organ-like organs open up a whole new way to study basic molecular processes in biological real-world models, including the digestive system, where epithelial cells in the digestive tract play an important barrier function that inhibits bacteria from entering the body, including disease-causing bacteria or viruses.
    at the same time, the gut is home to trillions of beneficial bacteria that help the body digest food, and epithelial cells have to perceive beneficial or harmful bacteria or viruses and respond appropriately, which is done through special immune binding sites (pattern recognition receptors).
    these specific molecules produced by different bacteria in the gut that can be identified by the body, if epithelial cells can recognize the molecules produced by harmful pathogens, they can sound the alarm and induce a special immune response;
    study, the researchers found that pattern-recognition receptors may have their own fragment-specific gene activation patterns, and that each part of the stomach and intestines has its own unique pattern-recognition receptors, so the immune response of epithelial cells is also site-specific, compared to small intestine or colon tissue, the stomach reacts to different bacterial compounds, and differences in these immune responses may lead to the occurrence of fragment-specific diseases such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease.
    So what exactly induces a different reaction to bacterial compounds? One of the original researchers' assumptions was that immune receptors were regulated to respond to the implantation of beneficial bacteria, and to test this hypothesis, they developed organisms that never came into contact with bacteria, and the data showed that these microbes did have an impact, but the researchers were surprised to find that, to a large extent, the immune recognition of epithelial cells was actually determined by genetic factors during development and was not affected by the environment.
    in general, the study provides new clues to the development of inflammatory diseases in the body, and the researchers say that each specific part of the digestive tract has its own specific immune recognition receptors, and that abnormalities or dysfunctions of congenital immune function may promote the occurrence of inflammatory diseases.
    () References: "1) Location, Location, immune gute response is site-specific 2) Ozge Kayisoglu, Franziska Weiss, Carolin Niklas, et al. location-specific cell object son-to-githiobiota sopios sopsops in the gut epithelium, Gut (2020).
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