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When we encounter things, we are accustomed to using previous experience to solve current things.
Different neural circuits in the brain encode memories in different scenarios, and these memories will be activated again when encountering similar scenarios.
The lateral hypothalamus (LH) mainly plays a role in integrating information in emotional responses and participates in rewarding behaviors.
Inhibition of inhibitory neurons in this brain area can reduce the correct prediction of reward behavior.
Animal experiments have shown that experiencing severe stress events can damage appetite or aversive learning by remodeling neural circuits, but it is not clear whether happy events affect learning tasks through the same mechanism.
On February 15, 2021, Geoffrey Schoenbaum of the National Institute of Drug Abuse and the University of California Melissa J.
Sharpe research team discovered that lateral hypothalamic inhibitory neurons mediate past happy experiences and affect future learning.
Light-inhibited inhibitory neurons in the lateral hypothalamus of rats.
Researchers used multiple behavioral experiments to further discover the role of LH inhibitory neurons in the learning process: in the first experiment, sound-electric shock paired fear memory training In the process, the light-inhibition of lateral hypothalamic (LH) inhibitory neurons while giving sound does not affect the acquisition of fear memory in rats, which is no different from the performance of normal rats.
This indicates that only light inhibition of neuronal activity in this area does not affect the rat's acquisition of fear memory.
In the second experiment, the researchers designed the rats to receive sound and sugar water (food) paired reward learning training before the fear training.
These two training processes were carried out in the same environment, which is equivalent to the happy memory of the rats before the training.
.
They found that light-inhibited LH inhibitory neuron rats have obstacles to the acquisition of previous fear memories.
Simply put, the rats showed less fear after experiencing aversion and learning after experiencing happiness before.
In order to further clarify the influence of environment and stimulus on learning results during the training process, the researchers designed a third experiment: the food pairing reward learning is carried out in the A environment, and the fear training is in the B environment to distinguish the second experiment.
As a result, it was found that after photoinhibition of inhibitory neurons in the LH region, the stiffness rate decreased under sound stimulation, but the stiffness rate to environmental stimuli increased, but the stiffness rate decreased under the co-stimulation of sound and environment.
Originally, LH inhibitory neurons did not affect the acquisition of fear memory, but after experiencing the reward effect, inhibiting these neurons can reduce the fear of aversion learning to a certain extent.
What will happen if the order of reward learning and fear training are interchanged? The researchers again designed a new experiment.
In the first stage, rats were trained with A2 sound stimulation and food reward or only B2 sound stimulation was given, and then in the second stage, rats were A1 sound pairing A2 sound stimulation or B1-B2 sound pairing Stimulate training.
It was found that under normal circumstances, these two different sound pairing stimulations did not affect the rat's food-related learning process.
However, light inhibition of LH inhibitory neurons in the A1-A2 sound stimulation stage can enhance the rat's food-related learning ability.
Afterwards, they performed sequential intermodulation of the above-mentioned first phase experiment and second phase experiment, that is to say, they first received A1 sound pairing A2 sound stimulation training, and they found that light inhibiting LH inhibitory neurons can still enhance the rat's food seeking desire.
This indicates that whether there is a rewarding learning experience or not, it will not affect the ability of sound paired stimulation on the rat's association learning.
They exposed the rats to the sound stimulus S1 in advance, and then performed a pairing experiment between S1 stimulation and food, and found that the rats' desire to seek food was reduced, but the rats' reward learning after light inhibited LH inhibitory neurons The obstacle disappeared.
In summary, this article confirms the role of lateral hypothalamic inhibitory neurons in associative learning through a number of experiments: first, after inhibiting this type of neuron, the experience of having a happy memory damages the subsequent aversion learning process .
Second, regardless of whether there is a happy experience, inhibiting this neuron can enhance the associated learning ability of neutral stimuli (sound).
[References] 1.
https://doi.
org/10.
1038/s41593-020-00791-4 The pictures in the article are all from the references
When we encounter things, we are accustomed to using previous experience to solve current things.
Different neural circuits in the brain encode memories in different scenarios, and these memories will be activated again when encountering similar scenarios.
The lateral hypothalamus (LH) mainly plays a role in integrating information in emotional responses and participates in rewarding behaviors.
Inhibition of inhibitory neurons in this brain area can reduce the correct prediction of reward behavior.
Animal experiments have shown that experiencing severe stress events can damage appetite or aversive learning by remodeling neural circuits, but it is not clear whether happy events affect learning tasks through the same mechanism.
On February 15, 2021, Geoffrey Schoenbaum of the National Institute of Drug Abuse and the University of California Melissa J.
Sharpe research team discovered that lateral hypothalamic inhibitory neurons mediate past happy experiences and affect future learning.
Light-inhibited inhibitory neurons in the lateral hypothalamus of rats.
Researchers used multiple behavioral experiments to further discover the role of LH inhibitory neurons in the learning process: in the first experiment, sound-electric shock paired fear memory training In the process, the light-inhibition of lateral hypothalamic (LH) inhibitory neurons while giving sound does not affect the acquisition of fear memory in rats, which is no different from the performance of normal rats.
This indicates that only light inhibition of neuronal activity in this area does not affect the rat's acquisition of fear memory.
In the second experiment, the researchers designed the rats to receive sound and sugar water (food) paired reward learning training before the fear training.
These two training processes were carried out in the same environment, which is equivalent to the happy memory of the rats before the training.
.
They found that light-inhibited LH inhibitory neuron rats have obstacles to the acquisition of previous fear memories.
Simply put, the rats showed less fear after experiencing aversion and learning after experiencing happiness before.
In order to further clarify the influence of environment and stimulus on learning results during the training process, the researchers designed a third experiment: the food pairing reward learning is carried out in the A environment, and the fear training is in the B environment to distinguish the second experiment.
As a result, it was found that after photoinhibition of inhibitory neurons in the LH region, the stiffness rate decreased under sound stimulation, but the stiffness rate to environmental stimuli increased, but the stiffness rate decreased under the co-stimulation of sound and environment.
Originally, LH inhibitory neurons did not affect the acquisition of fear memory, but after experiencing the reward effect, inhibiting these neurons can reduce the fear of aversion learning to a certain extent.
What will happen if the order of reward learning and fear training are interchanged? The researchers again designed a new experiment.
In the first stage, rats were trained with A2 sound stimulation and food reward or only B2 sound stimulation was given, and then in the second stage, rats were A1 sound pairing A2 sound stimulation or B1-B2 sound pairing Stimulate training.
It was found that under normal circumstances, these two different sound pairing stimulations did not affect the rat's food-related learning process.
However, light inhibition of LH inhibitory neurons in the A1-A2 sound stimulation stage can enhance the rat's food-related learning ability.
Afterwards, they performed sequential intermodulation of the above-mentioned first phase experiment and second phase experiment, that is to say, they first received A1 sound pairing A2 sound stimulation training, and they found that light inhibiting LH inhibitory neurons can still enhance the rat's food seeking desire.
This indicates that whether there is a rewarding learning experience or not, it will not affect the ability of sound paired stimulation on the rat's association learning.
They exposed the rats to the sound stimulus S1 in advance, and then performed a pairing experiment between S1 stimulation and food, and found that the rats' desire to seek food was reduced, but the rats' reward learning after light inhibited LH inhibitory neurons The obstacle disappeared.
In summary, this article confirms the role of lateral hypothalamic inhibitory neurons in associative learning through a number of experiments: first, after inhibiting this type of neuron, the experience of having a happy memory damages the subsequent aversion learning process .
Second, regardless of whether there is a happy experience, inhibiting this neuron can enhance the associated learning ability of neutral stimuli (sound).
[References] 1.
https://doi.
org/10.
1038/s41593-020-00791-4 The pictures in the article are all from the references
