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    Home > Biochemistry News > Biotechnology News > How do planets form directly?

    How do planets form directly?

    • Last Update: 2020-08-09
    • Source: Internet
    • Author: User
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    Scientists have long tried to find signs of the presence of young planets in the disk of protoplanetary planets orbiting stars, according to foreign media reports.
    this has fundamental questions about planetary formation and explains how the Earth was born.
    , however, under existing technical conditions, it is as difficult as finding fireflies in long-range spotlights.
    Over the past two and a half centuries, scientists have envisioned the origins of planetary systems, including our own Earth, focusing on a specific scenario: a disk that rotates around a newborn star, and planets gradually forming from gas and dust, like clay on a ceramic wheel.
    but in terms of testing this idea, can scientists in reality discover an exoplanet polymer by observing rotating matter? However, it was not so lucky.
    "Now, everyone says that planets are formed in protoplanetary disks," said Ruobing Dong, an astrophysicist at the University of Arizona.
    "The progress of research over the past few years suggests that this will not stay theoretical for long."
    team of scientists, using second-generation instruments mounted on giant ground-based telescopes, has finally solved the mysteries of the inner regions of some of the protoplanetary disks and discovered unexpected mysteries.
    April 11 this year, the European Southern Observatory released eight images of protoplanetary disks orbiting young sun-like stars, perhaps showing what our own solar system looked like in its early days of formation.
    these images do not show clear spots of light emitted by the planets, but other signs suggest that the planets may have bred them.
    some protoplanetary discs are like vinyl records, with spirals and cracks that seem to leave a mark on the existence of young planets.
    other photos, the star's light illuminates the top and bottom of the planet's disk, forming a yo-yo-like structure.
    if astronomers could find an embryonic planet in such a place, the impact on astronomy would be profound.
    not only to prove the most entrenched view of astronomy, but also to make accurate measurements of the position and size of planets' formations also help to clarify the origin of planets.
    a theory of planetary formation known as core accumulation, planet formation is very slow, condensing mainly around the core of the rock and in the region near the star.
    another theory that the gravitational distribution in the protoplanetary disk is uneven, meaning that giant planets can quickly converge away from stars.
    , these ideas can be used to test the distribution of current planets in our solar system and beyond.
    , however, they had never studied the process before the planets had the opportunity to migrate and rearrange.
    this poses an unresolved problem of consistency for astronomers studying planetary formation systems.
    to observe the dark, distant, messy disks of protoplanetary planets in the universe and find the planets in cuba.
    finally, after centuries of predictionands and ideas, began to unravel the basic process of creating countless worlds in the universe.
    direct lying when you're looking for planets in a protoplanetary disk, it's easy to believe you're looking at them. astronomers
    studying these protoplanetary disks have discovered many of the spots hidden in them.
    , for example, on May 6th an international team reported that a giant planet was lurking in a system called CS Cha.
    But these spots are still only potential candidates for planets, not the real world seis.
    "We're at the forefront of technology," said Catherine Follette, an astronomer at Amherst College.
    ", "this ambiguity is closely related to the chaotic environmentinatist that makes these planets particularly chaotic."
    the most advanced detection instrument used by astronomers is SPHERE, a large telescope of giant telescopes installed in the Atacama Desert in Chile, capturing the last eight images of protoplanetary disks.
    another advanced instrument is the Gemini Planetary Imaging Instrument (GPI), which is installed in the mountains of Chile, which is also the site of Follett's work.
    both are designed to capture photons from planets around a star, unlike most techniques for studying exoplanets, which rely more on indirect signals.
    both devices are able to generate the most easily interpretable data based on observations.
    these devices require a special way to spot the faint glow of the planet from around bright stars, like finding a firefly at the edge of a spotlight far away.
    scientists used adaptive optics in the device, a technique that tracks atmospheric fluctuations and then compensates for the optical system that distorts the instrument in real time.
    this eliminates disturbances in the Earth's atmosphere and brings the images collected in the night sky to a higher resolution.
    they also use devices such as coronal instruments to block the stars' rays.
    most importantly, these star-finding cameras also use another technique called differential imaging.
    for example, SPHERE takes two photos simultaneously through different polarization filters.
    starlight itself does not polarize, so the two stars in the image look the same.
    it can be offset.
    But when light is scattered, it polarizes, allowing astronomers to highlight the light reflected from the disk or planet of the protoplanet.
    then the computer algorithm retrieves the remaining light points.
    But when looking for planets in the protoplanetary disk, these algorithms may confuse clusters and nebulae with planets.
    for the past few years, Mr. Forlet and his colleagues have been trying to analyze these false signals.
    they also studied confusing planetary candidates, some of whom appear to be different from ordinary planets and did not rotate around the star according to Kepler's laws of motion.
    at the same time, another path to the planet sought in breeding is unfolding in parallel.
    while SPHERE and GPI have not definitively discovered a new world of form, they have succeeded in obtaining images of the original disk itself.
    finally, the protoplanetary disks carry a strange feature that may be associated with planetary formation. "It's completely changed the game," said Konstantin Batygin, an astrophysicist at the California Institute of Technology.

    "The problem is that it's not easy to associate these features with hypothetical planets." "We tend to think of protoplanetary disks as a sign of planetary formation, " Follett said. "

    "spiral cradle in 2012, astronomers first observed a striking pattern.
    at least six protoplanetary disks, there appears to be some gas and dust forming something like a spiral galaxy arm.
    astrophysicists have two main ideas to explain how these spinners were formed.
    both draw on decades of galactic spiral theory.
    according to this theory, the gas and dust that rotate around the newborn star begin to accumulate gradually.
    However, the start must be triggered by a factor.
    astronomers have suggested that in the disks of protoplanets around the stars -- which weigh at least a quarter of the star' -- gravitational instability could cause gas and dust to pile up into spiral arms.
    but the researchers found that many of the protoplanetary disks that form the spiral arm appear to be well below this mass threshold, suggesting that another mechanism may be working.
    may be a hidden factor.
    2015, a team of researchers led by Arizona astrophysicist Ruobing Dong conducted a simulation that showed that a giant planet slightly larger than Jupiter can trigger a spiral arm.
    the planet is located at the top of a spiral arm and drags the spiral arm along the planet's orbit around the star.
    If that's the case, each spiral arm is like a giant arrow pointing to the end goal of the field -- a planet that is being bred to form.
    2016, Dong's team found evidence that the spiral arms could be triggered by a giant star.
    in this case, the trigger object around the star HD 100453 is a dwarf star that is easier to spot than a planet.
    the dwarf star is evidence of the concept," and then people began to believe more in the model," Dong said.
    finding a planet at the top of the spiral arm would be a greed, but astronomers are still waiting for the day to come.
    a recent paper published in the Astrophysical Journal, a team led by Johns Hopkins University researcher Bin Ren collected and analyzed data on the spiral changes of MWC 758 over a decade.
    's analysis suggests that the entire protoplanetary disk may rotate slightly during this time, about one-sixth of a degree per year.
    speculated that the rotation originated from a giant planet at the top of the spin arm that orbited the star for about 600 years.
    if it were to be like this, such a planet would still be hidden.
    of course, even if the spiral does connect with planets, they don't point to all the new worlds.
    in the simulation, only giant planets are enough to attract the direction of the spiral pattern.
    and smaller planets will have to be discovered by other means, and not all protoplanetary disks have spirals.
    for example, the protoplanetary disks around sun-like stars generally do not have spiral arms.
    (Henning Avinhaus of the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy in Heidelberg) points out that this suggests that more massive stars are more efficient during the spiral formation process.
    ) But these protoplanetary disks show something else more valuable: cracks.
    the planets in the crack in the fall of 2014, astronomers in the Radio Antenna ALMA in the Chilean Andes, decided to train on the largest protoplanetary disk they could find.
    later, when ALMA was used to detect a system called HL Tauri, images containing blank gaps and thick rings were produced, which were later exhibited at an imALMA internal meeting. "
    We're all talking about HL Tau for the rest of the meeting," said Lucas Cieza, an astronomer at the University of Diego Portales in Chile.
    scientists at the meeting repeatedly debated whether the cracks were created by planets.
    ALMA scientists later studied images of another system called TW Hydrae, which showed similar cracks in higher detail.
    but neither system can solve the problem of whether the cracks are caused by planets or other factors.
    "The debate is still going on," Mr. Chessa said.
    like a spiral, planets and other effects can form cracks.
    a planet could create a crack for thousands to millions of years.
    when it orbits, its gravity pulls the material in the disk of the proplanet into itself, but also disperses it from its original orbit, leaving a crack.
    the erosion effects of this gravitational pull are cumulative. Jeffrey Fung, an astrophysicist at the University of
    , Berkeley, said that while a spiral requires a larger body than Jupiter, Neptune, or even Earth-sized planets, is enough to form visible cracks. "All of these planets have the potential to create cracks large enough that we can easily observe with today's instruments, " he said.

    crucially, these cracks may be the only short-term opportunity to study the formation of asteroids, which are far more difficult to observe directly on the protoplanetary disk than to find Jupiter-sized planets.
    what else can cause these cracks besides planets? The magnetic field of the protoplanetary disk may form turbulent regions, removing the material from the magnetic "dead zone" that has become empty.
    and sudden changes in chemicals can also lead to cracks similar to those produced by planets.
    for example, the snow lines of a galaxy often mark the boundaries of the inner and outer planetary disks.
    in the hot interior, water exists in the form of water vapor, while the outer planetary disk is in solid form.
    compounds such as carbon monoxide and ammonia can change similarly.
    this situation has forced astronomers to keep looking for answers. "The best case scenario is that we can really observe the planets that are in the cracks, " says
    Feng.
    "Technically, the current technology is not technically enough to directly discover such a planet, but only to the disk of asteroids orbiting the planet."
    If such signals can be linked to spirals or cracks, this will help observers use similar protoplanetary disk features in search of more new planets.
    may not wait too long. "The most exciting thing I've seen hasn't happened,"
    , "and Mr. Sessions declined to comment on the situation," but we expect a lot of very exciting things to happen in the coming months.
    "a new generation of telescopes may be able to help."
    James Webb Space Telescope will be able to observe the inside of the protoplanet disk and look directly for the planet simply in the infrared wavelength range.
    recently postponed its launch again until 2020. Bruce Macintosh, a professor at Stanford University
    and head of the GPI team, said capturing planetary formation was "a beautiful scientific case" for a 30-meter telescope.
    like the Extremely Large Te, which is currently being built in Chile.
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