Hybrid breeding: Why pooling beneficial sexuality has negative consequences.

In plant and animal breeding, simple additions are often involved.
new beneficial features, such as more drought-resistant or larger fruits, are discovered and added to existing varieties through hybrid breeding.
, however, there are occasional cases where adding a beneficial feature leads to a net subtransfing.
is because of the interaction between existing genes and newly added sex genes.
A paper published in Cell by a team of plant geneticists at the CSHL laboratory in the United States demonstrates how to bring together beneficial features with negative consequences, and how this knowledge can be used to obtain untapped yield potential from plants.
they came to their conclusions through plant hybridization.
example of a "no" study is that we know that a domesticated gene hinders crop improvement.
, an associate professor at cold spring harbor laboratory in New York, who led the study, said, "This work shows how gene 'doses' are used to fine-tune and increase the major yields."
"" genes, good or bad, are called upper places.
the study also shows that by identifying and analyzing similar cases of negative reproductiveity in plants and animals, people can break down barriers to existing productivity in agriculture.
almost all tomatoes grown today, including every one you've ever eaten, carry a genetic trait that may have occurred before the dawn of agriculture 8,000 to 10,000 years ago.
this ancient genetic mutation causes early domesticated tomato plants to grow larger green leaf caps on the fruit.
don't know why the ancestors thought the green-leafed hat was bigger, this sexuality traverses history and becomes part of the genome of most modern tomato varieties, " he said.
genetic mutation tracked by Lippman's team first appeared in a company's tomato land in the mid-20th century.
this genetic mutation brought about a dramatic change - seamless.
new gene changes the structure of the flower handle off-zone, known as seamless, meaning no joints.
was a wonderful change for postwar industrial growers.
't it just right to separate the fruit cleanly? And after being removed and placed in a container, there are no residual stems punctured by other tomatoes.
team recognized the relationship between the ancient "green hat gene" and the modern "seamless gene."
both genes are considered beneficial when selected, but they have a negative effect on the same plant, " says Lippman, a new research team.
" ancient genes make the green cap bigger, hindering the seamless use of the gene.
breeders and growers don't know why seamless plants have too many branches to flower, which is called flowering.
" flower sequence, the more flowering.
," says Lippman, "it's really just a way to increase production."
if a tomato or other plant opens too many flowers, does it have enough resources to turn them into fruit? As a result, the 'fertility rate' has actually declined.
" "Our team wanted to understand the genetic basis of the flower sequence branching and yield relationship.
," Lippman explained, and they reasoned that the answer could be derived by understanding the interaction of genes responsible for branching and flowering.
, "in a seamless situation, a more balanced version, weak branching can also mean more flowers and fruits, but not too heavy on plants, production will increase."
completely negates the traits that seamlessly give tomato plants - branching outbursts is unnecessary.
team was able to capture and exploit this potential by adjusting the "dose" of the gene responsible for the size of the green cap, rather than clearing the branching effect.
breeders have finally found a way to counteract unnecessary branching, which allows them to take advantage of seamless mutations.
the shape of a tomato flower, like a familiar vines, with single-stemmed hanging fruit arranged on a linear jagged pattern.
result is that the weak tomato varieties are also seamless, easy to harvest mechanically, and have more fruit.
" may have more genes hiding less obvious interacting with each other, preventing breeders and farmers from realizing their full genetic potential.
," Lippman said.
this strategy, reversing negative gene interactions can help improve other crops and can also be used in domesticated animals.
.