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Introduction to the classification of tumor research models and the advantages and applications of tumor organoids

 Last Update: 2022-08-30
 Source: Internet
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In recent decades, our understanding of the occurrence of cancer has greatly improved

Figure 1.

Tumor research model competition

Figure 2.

2D cells: widely used due to their ease of proliferation, low maintenance costs, and ease of functional testing

Patient-derived xenografts (PDXs): Capable of recapitulating the biology of human tumors, but time-consuming and expensive to use, PDXs have also demonstrated the ability to evolve mouse-specific tumors and have sparked interest in experiments using animal models.

Tumor organoids: Compared with PDX, tumor organoids have lower cost and higher efficiency, and can simulate normal tissues and tissues of different stages of the cancerous process.

Organoids and the tumor microenvironment: Initially, tumor organoids were labeled "imperfect" due to their inability to reproduce TME, but with the development of organoid technology, tumor organoids have been upgraded again: organoids are implanted into highly vascularized Tumor vascularization modeling can be achieved either through gene editing or in combination with mixed cell co-culture (using a microfluidic platform)

There have been many organoid models established from samples from different cancer patients, such as colon, esophagus, stomach, brain, prostate, pancreas, liver, breast cancer and other organoids

Tumor Organoids & Drug Sensitivity Testing

Figure 3.

(A) Human cancer tissue containing cancer cells, adult stem cells, pluripotent stem cells, or tumor stem cells, first mechanically and chemically broken down into very small fragments, cell clusters, or single cells and decomposed under appropriate 3D conditions with ECM The components are cultured in a hydrogel

PDOs can be used to study drug resistance, metabolism, differentiation, and cancer gene function.

Table 1.

In addition, the clinical relevance and predictive efficacy of organoids for cancer drug screening have been well established in multiple studies, and clinical trials based on PDOs models have focused on tumors with high morbidity and mortality.

Common tumor organoids and their culture systems

Some growth factors and inhibitors are required in the organoid culture medium, and different combinations of growth factors and inhibitors in the culture medium contribute to the generation of different component lineages in the organoids

Table 2.

MCE provides a series of recombinant proteins for organoid culture with high purity, high biological activity and low endotoxin, small molecules required for organoid culture, and commonly used research dyes to help scientific research!

● High purity ● High biological activity ● Low endotoxin level ● Stable consistency ● Complete specifications

cytokine

Human EGF

Epithelial tissue growth factor; EGF binds to EGF receptors and induces proliferative changes
.

Factors required for the culture of gastrointestinal tract, liver, thyroid, brain and other organoids
.

Human FGF-2/4/9/10

FGFs have important roles in mesoderm induction, limb development, neural induction, and neurodevelopment during early development
.
In mature tissues, FGFs are essential for angiogenesis, keratinocyte organization, and wound healing processes
.

For example, FGF-basic (FGF-2), FGF-10 are common organoid culture Niche factors, such as liver organoids, prostate organoids
.

Human HGF

The HGF/Met signaling pathway promotes tumor growth, invasion and migration
.

HGF acts as a mitogen for hepatocytes for use in hepatic organoid culture
.

Human Wnt3a

Wnts are involved in the regulation of cell development, proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, polarity, cell-cell communication, survival and self-renewal functions
.

Wnt3a plays an important role in the expansion capacity of organoids and is one of the most commonly used culture factors
.

Human BMP-4

BMPs play crucial roles in embryogenesis, development and maintenance of tissue homeostasis
.

In vitro, BMP-2 and BMP-4 are widely used to generate hepatocytes from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and embryonic stem cells (ESCs)
.

Human Noggin

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。

Noggin
。

Human DKK-1

DKK-1Wnt ，
。

Y-27632 dihydrochloride

Rho ；
。

A 83-01

ALK4/5/7 ；
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MCE ，

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2.
Malia Alexandra Foo, Mingliang You, Lingzhi Wang, Boon‑Cher Goh, et al.
Clinical translation of patient-derived tumor organoids- bottlenecks and strategies Preclinical tumor models are an important platform for mechanistic research and testing of new drugs.
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4.
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Next-generation cancer organoids.
Nat Mater.
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5.
Zilong Zhou, Lele Cong, Xianling Cong.
Patient-Derived Organoids in Precision Medicine: Drug Screening, Organoid -on-a-Chip and Living Organoid Biobank.
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6.
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Patient-Derived Organoids as a Model for Cancer Drug Discovery.
Int J Mol Sci.
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7.
Georgios Vlachogiannis, Nicola Valeri, et al.
Patient-derived organoids model treatment response of metastatic gastrointestinal cancers.
Science.
2018 Feb 23;359(6378):920-926.

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