James Watson, father of DNA: The discovery of a double helix structure of DNA has made frequent racist remarks.

He was a scientist who discovered the double helix structure of DNA, but was relieved of his honorary post for making frequent racist remarks.
wonderful and controversial, has been accompanied by the Nobel Prize winner.
" genes are the cause of the difference between blacks and whites on IQ tests.
" is the view expressed by James Watson, a Nobel Prize-winning American scientist known as the father of DNA, in a documentary, "American Masters: Interpreting Watson," which aired on PBS in January.
's racist comments caused a stir after the show aired.
was forced to issue a statement calling it "baseless and reckless" and dismissing Watson from his honorary post.
this is not the first time Watson has made a similar statement, and as one of the world's most famous scientists, he has repeatedly made inappropriate remarks in stark contrast to his great scientific contributions.
look back on his life, it's not hard to see that this is the real Watson.
book that set him on the path to cracking the genetic code Watson was born on April 6, 1928, in Chicago, Illinois, usa, and he showed his talents from an early age, with English, Scottish and Irish ancestry.
at the age of 12, he appeared on Quiz Kids, a popular question-and-answer show on NBC in the 1940s and 1950s, which coined the catchphrase "Whiz Kid."
Watson was a prodigy (though only 120 on IQ tests), and at the age of 15 he entered the University of Chicago through a scholarship for talented teenagers.
influenced by his father, Watson's interest in birds as a child led him to a bachelor's degree in zoology four years later.
needed systematic biology courses in college, including genetics, but Watson was bored and more focused on birds.
his interest changed after he read the famous physicist Schrodinger's What Life Is.
Schrodinger tried to explain the phenomenon of life by physics, and proposed that genetic molecules have some kind of orderly structure to allow them to copy genetic information, how to copy genetic information is a mystery to all. Watson is one of a generation of young scientists who have been influenced by the
booklet compiled from the lecture, putting them on the path to cracking the genetic code. After
undergraduate degree, Watson applied to the California Institute of Technology, where chemist Linus Pauling was studying protein structures in physics and trying to solve the structure of DNA in the same way.
however, Caltech rejected the young man, who had been fiddling with bird specimens for a long time, because of his lack of physical and chemical training.
the larger environment was also influenced by the Manhattan Project in the United States, and physics was a more "high-end" learning.
first volunteer, Watson applied to Harvard, Watson wrote in his autobiography, "Harvard is Harvard, there is no reason."
there is no financial aid, and Watson has not been able to visit the holy site.
Watson's third volunteer was Indiana University, which is also known for its DNA research, and her geneticist Hermann Muller won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine the year before he applied for an X-ray-induced mutation.
eventually received a scholarship to Indiana University, and three years later, at the age of 22, Watson received his Ph.D.
Watson's graduation thesis was a study of the effects of X-rays on phage viruses under the guidance of Salvador Luria, who went on to become a Nobel Laureate in 1969.
their team's work shifted the genetic experiment from fruit flies to microbes to explore the nature of genes.
never-entered a runner to a Nobel laureate in Watson's Ph.D., the traditional idea that proteins in chromosomes were genetic material still had a place, and when Watson went to the Cold Spring Harbor laboratory to learn about the latest experiments on DNA, he was convinced that DNA was the substance responsible for transmitting genetic information and that there was an explanatory structure.
thought that this was one of the factors that ultimately led to his eventual discovery of the double helix structure of DNA. After
, Watson went to the University of Copenhagen to do a postdoctoral job, but he wanted to be a biochemist, but found that biochemistry had nothing to do with genes, and that it was still around nuclear science.
But watson was excited when he attended an academic conference in Naples and met Maurice Wilkins, a physicist who had also read What Life Was, showing x-ray diffraction of DNA.
Wilkins didn't pay much attention to the young man.
of the three who won the Nobel Prize for the discovery of the DNA double helix structure, Wilkins was the most overlooked, and his own autobiographical name was "The Third Person of the Double Helix Structure."
also historians believe that the two men did not cooperate, otherwise the DNA structure would be named after the two.
Watson came to the Cavenhur Laboratory in Cambridge, the best place to study X-ray crystallography at the time.
he met Francis Crick, and the two were snapped.
reasons From an academic point of view, they all agree that clarifying the molecular structure of DNA is the key to understanding genetics, a major breakthrough in scientific theory, and they hope to take a "shortcut" to directly build a DNA model.
on the other hand, it's the personality of the two.
23-year-old Watson has an American freestyle, dressed and spitting at the outofing with the English gentleman's style.
Crick, who later won the Nobel Prize with Watson, was a 35-year-old Ph.D. (initially interrupted by World War II), and although much older than Watson, he was reckless and had a modest career.
later, Watson decided that his partner was also a genius.
the cooperation between the two men has also become a good story in the history of science and widely circulated.
, of course, because their collaboration was so dazzling that the contributions of Wilkins and Franklin (the British women scientist) were overlooked.
Watson and Crick were more of an uninvolved player at first, because neither had a chemical background, and the problem of chemical keys had to be taught to teach themselves, and then to build structures with cardboard and wire, which they did not know had new knowledge in the textbooks, which became a minor obstacle to their research.
know that two other teams that were competing with them at the time, Pauline, gave the protein alpha helix structure and were studying DNA in the same way.
second was Wilkins and Franklin of King's College London, who took X-ray diffraction of DNA.
actually, in addition to reading What Life Is, Crick's interest in DNA came more from his good friend Wilkins, who often discussed it together.
Watson and Crick initially proposed a three-screw structure, which led to serious criticism by Franklin.
two men from Cambridge were directly told by a female scholar at King's College London that "you can't build a model" and seemed to let the head of Cavenhur's lab, The W.
L.
Bragg) is very faceless.
he ordered Watson and Crick to stop DNA research, which at one point turned into underground work.
but because of Pauline's work, Watson was in a sense of crisis.
Because of the conflict between Wilkins and Franklin, and because the situation of female scientists at the time was more difficult, Franklin quickly turned to other studies.
Wilkins gave Watson a picture of Franklin's high-definition B-shaped structure, Watson firmed the idea of a double-helix - something Franklin objected to.
", "As soon as I looked at the picture, I was stunned and my heart beat sizzled.
no doubt that the picture is much simpler than the previous A-shaped structure, and that only the spiral structure will show the striking cross-shaped black reflective lines in the photograph," Watson wrote in Double Spiral.
Watson and Crick also obtained unpublished data from Franklin, through which they discovered the perfect double helix model of base pairing, thus opening up a whole new field of molecular biology.
April 1953, they published a short article in the journal Nature, which led them to the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
formed the RNA Tie Club in 1956, when Watson and others figured out the biochemical mechanisms of DNA self-replicating, he accepted a position at Harvard University, focusing on RNA's role in the genetic process, hoping to crack the STRUCTURE of RNA, only to be busy for three years with nothing.
Watson wasn't idle either, he formed an "RNA tie club." George Gamow, an American scientist who
the Big Bang theory, designed the tie, which included 20 people, eight of whom were Nobel laureates, each representing an amino acid.
they waved through the city with ties and had amino acid abbreviations on them, but because they were different from their initials, there were a lot of misunderstandings.
while at Harvard, Watson worked on protein biosynthesis, but more famously he wrote several books.
has two biology textbooks, of which Molecular Biology of Genes is the first molecular biology textbook on genes, which has become a classic.
more influential was "Double Spiral," a memoir that sold more than a million copies and wrote the story of DNA discovery in a novel-like way.
was the book, which was initially nearly unpublished.
is because Watson has written a lot of inappropriate statements about scientists.
Crick, when he first saw it, strongly objected, arguing that it violated his privacy.
Watson's portrayal of many scientists is derogatory, especially of Franklin's image, which is considered sexist.
until the publication of Double Spiral, the public had no idea that such a female scientist existed, and they never mentioned Franklin in Watson's early paper on DNA.
when scientists looked back at Franklin's achievements, even Crick thought she was one step away from discovering the structure of DNA.
over the years, Watson's assessment of Franklin has changed, admitting that he was affected by Wilkins' bad relationship with her.
40-year-old Watson wrote about his twenty-something experience in his book, a taste of the world viewed by an unknown young man, but upended the public's perception of the ancient image of scientists.
Watson originally wrote the book titled "Honest Jim" and also marked the then-best-selling book "Lucky Jim", a pun. in
book, Watson tells a fascinating set of stories about academic exchanges, his pursuit of the opposite sex, and so on, which Harvard Press considers irrelevant.
Watson also satirizes his former leader, Prague, likening the youngest nobel laureate to Colonel Bilop, a comic character who refers to a violent conservative Englishman.
the final book was a thank you to Prague for writing the preface, and the direct reason was that Prague's wife loved to read the story inside.
for Watson and Crick's work, "they stood on the toes of giants," Bragg wrote in the preface.
true, the journey to discover DNA is a legend, Watson's work is indelible, but having read this book, you can understand why the charismatic scientist has published so many strange statements.
a competitive, eccentric teacher who has been director of the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) since 1968, but still a researcher at Harvard University until 1976, when students said he was a competitive, eccentric teacher.
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, led by Watson, became the world's premier scientific research institution, known as the Life Sciences Sanctuary.
Watson, who led the Human Genome Project here, had a bitter dispute with his boss, Bernadine Healy, the director of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), who moved out of Watson's evaluation of Franklin that year, and Watson eventually pulled out of the program in anger.
Watson on the road, 40 years from the director until sitting on the chairman, retired to win the honorary title, at this time he is more like a star, is a staff member of research institutes and universities, but also frequent public statements.
in fields related to molecular biology, he was always able to say a few words, and the witty Watson was always welcome.
, of course, words must be lost.
Thunder's quotes frequently out of the evening festival is not guaranteed if you want to give Watson a quote, said may be able to come up with a best-selling book.
1997, watson said in an interview that a mother "has the right to have an abortion" if she knew her child was gay.
a lecture in 2000, he said, "When you interview fat people, you don't feel good because you know you're not going to hire him."
" He also made remarks about the relationship between sunshine, skin color and sexual ability at the same lecture.
also said that "stupidity is a genetic disease" and that "women make male scientists more fun, but less efficient" ... The most serious was in 2007, in a promotion of his new book, Avoid boring people: Lessons from Scientific Life, in which he said that "all our social policies are based on the same intelligence as ours, and all tests show that this is not the case".
's comments caused a stir, with Watson later issuing an apology and resigning as chairman and retiring completely.
in January, in a new documentary, Watson was asked if his views on race and intelligence had changed, at the age of 90.