Ketogenic diet affects immune cells or helps prevent influenza

Ketogenic diet is a diet composed of high fat, proper protein and low carbohydrate It can change the energy source of human body from using glucose to using fat, and produce ketosis through liver metabolism This diet can be used to treat nervous system diseases such as epilepsy and improve the metabolic health of obese patients However, the effect of ketogenic diet on inflammation of adipose tissue is not clear Recently, a study published in nature metabolism found that ketogenic diet can lead to the increase of tissue protective γ δ T cells during metabolic stress These cells can inhibit inflammation and participate in immune regulation Researchers from Yale University School of medicine fed mice on a normal diet (58% calories from carbon water, 24% from protein, 18% from fat) or a ketogenic diet (0.1% calories from carbon water, 10.4% from protein, 89.5% from fat) for one week, respectively, and used single-cell RNA sequencing to analyze fat tissue resident immune cells It was found that the number of δ T cells in the ketogenic diet increased, and further analysis showed that δ T cells had metabolic protective effect "One week of ketogenic diet in mice is a key mechanism to induce inflammation and improve metabolic outcomes." Vishwa deep Dixit explains The amount of fat in the whole body of mice fed ketogenic diet for one week increased moderately However, after long-term random intake of ketogenic diet (2-3 months), the weight of mice was significantly higher than that of the control mice fed with normal diet, and the fasting blood glucose level was increased After a long-term ketogenic diet, the number of macrophages increased and the number of δ T cells decreased According to Dixit and Emily Goldberg, the first authors of this paper, "our data suggest that during early weight gain, the γ δ T cells may be activated by stress in adipose tissue, which is important for maintaining homeostasis and long-term metabolic health." The study also showed that the glucose homeostasis was impaired in mice lacking δ T cells, which increased the basis for the important role of these cells in metabolic health The data of this study emphasize the important role of ketogenesis in the increase of tissue protective δ T cells during metabolic stress "Our results emphasize that the ketone body produced by fat decomposition may increase fat storage at the same time at the body level." Dixit concluded that "how these two" opposite "processes are coordinated in a single animal is an important area for further study in biology." We know that influenza is a common infection caused by influenza A virus (IAV) When a person is infected with the virus, our body's immune response can be seriously affected by many factors, including diet In another paper published by Yale University researchers in science immunology in the United States, researchers asked some mice to adopt a ketogenic diet, while others adopted a common diet with more carbohydrates, and then infected them with influenza virus As a result, the survival rate of the former was higher The researchers say this is because the ketogenic diet promotes the production of immune cells called gamma delta T cells, which help the lungs fight the flu virus The researchers found that the ketogenic diet triggered the release of delta T cells, immune system cells that produce mucus in the inner layer of lung cells There was a significant increase in the frequency and absolute number of delta T cells in the lungs of mice, but not in mice on a high carbohydrate diet Specifically, this cell can reduce the virus titer, maintain the integrity of airway tissue, enhance the barrier and innate defense function of airway epithelial cells, and adapt to the challenge of influenza virus According to Kossoff's meta analysis of the data of ketogenic diet treatment, the epileptic seizures of the children decreased by 50% - 90% after ketogenic diet treatment After 3 months of ketogenic diet treatment, the immune function of children was further improved There was no difference between the two groups, indicating that the immune function of children with epilepsy was close to normal after 3 months of ketogenic diet Lambrechts, Zhou Shuizhen and other researches found that the control of epileptic symptoms of children after ketogenic diet treatment for one year has been significantly improved in cognitive function, sensitivity and motor behavior ability It is related to the complex regulation of neuroendocrine immune system Wang Wei et al Found that children with intractable epilepsy have disorder of cellular immune and humoral immune function The immune function of children with intractable epilepsy has been significantly improved three months after the treatment of ketogenic diet, and seizures have been effectively controlled, which may be one of the mechanisms of ketogenic diet in the treatment of intractable epilepsy The antiepileptic effect caused by metabolic changes caused by ketogenic diet has been clear Ketogenic diet can not only reduce the pain of epilepsy, but also reduce the use of antiepileptic drugs and side effects Ketogenic diet has been reported to improve the immune function of patients with epilepsy How to study the action pathway from the perspective of epilepsy has become the main topic In addition, how to use the existing results in clinical practice is also a problem to be considered Reference 1 Greenhill C Ketogenic diet affects immune cells in mice Nat Rev Endocrinol 2020 Jan 30 2 Goldberg EL et al Ketogenic diet activates protective γδ T cell responses against influenza virus infection Sci Immunol 2019 Nov 15;4(41) 3 Goldberg, E L et al Ketogenesis activates metabolically protective γδ T cells in visceral adipose tissue Nat Metab 2, 50–61 (2020) 4 Wang Wei Effect of ketogenic diet on immune function of children with refractory epilepsy [J] Chinese Journal of coal industry medicine