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    Home > Active Ingredient News > Infection > Monkeypox: epidemiology, host immunity, and clinical interventions

    Monkeypox: epidemiology, host immunity, and clinical interventions

    • Last Update: 2022-09-21
    • Source: Internet
    • Author: User
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    Monkeypox is a zoonotic viral disease caused by monkeypox virus (MONKEYPOX virus) (MPXV), a positive pox virus that belongs to the pox virus family


    Figure 1: Geographical distribution of confirmed and suspected monkeypox cases during outbreaks between May and August 2022

    Phylogenetically, MPXV can be divided into two distinct branches – Central Africa (also commonly known as the Congo Basin) and West Africa


    Clinical features of MPXV infection

    The incubation period for MPXV infection is 5 to 21 days, and common symptoms include fever (between 38.


    Disease severity can be classified using lesion counts, as higher lesion counts are associated


    Lesions usually go through 4 stages – macular, papule, blister, and pustular – and then shed into scabs


    Intrinsic immune response to MXV

    Innate immune cells often serve as the first line of defense after an active viral infection, but these cells also serve as targets for some viruses


    In humans infected with MPXV, the role of many innate immune cells— including monocytes/macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells, conventional dendritic cells, plasma cell-like dendritic cells, and innate immune lymphocytes — is unknown


    In reported cases of human MMXV infection, many cytokines were elevated after infection (independent of disease severity) – including IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-2R, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, CCL2, and CCL5


    B cell and antibody protection

    Currently, 14 MXV proteins have been shown to be recognized by cross-reactive VACV-induced immunoglobulins from human vaccines


    T cell immunity

    CD4+ T cells, particularly follicular helper T cells, play a role


    MPXV immune evasion

    Positive pox viruses have accumulated a large number of genes that code for proteins that interfere with host cell signaling pathways


    Figure 3: Immune evasion of MPXV

    vaccine

    Smallpox vaccines are known to have cross-protective activity


    In unvaccinated individuals, post-exposure vaccination is effective in preventing disease and reducing disease severity


    Third-generation attenuated vaccines, such as JYNNEOS, have better safety profiles than earlier vaccines


    treat

    Several therapeutics developed for smallpox can be used for monkeypox, but their effectiveness against monkeypox is based on preclinical evidence with little supporting clinical data


    summary

    Immunotherapy and prevention strategies are important public health tools


    References: Lum, FM.
    , Torres-Ruesta, A.
    , Tay, M.
    Z.
    et al.
    Monkeypox: disease epidemiology, host immunity and clinical interventions.
    Nat Rev Immunol (2022).

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