More than 400 million patients in the world! Ten breakthroughs in 2016 "help" conquer diabetes

Source: biological exploration World Diabetes Day (November 14, 2016), CO sponsored by the World Health Organization (WTO) and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) in 1991, aims to arouse global awareness and disillusionment of diabetes At the end of 2006, the United Nations passed a resolution to officially rename "World Diabetes Day" as "United Nations Diabetes Day" from 2007, and to upgrade experts' and academic behaviors to government behaviors of all countries, so as to urge governments and all sectors of society to strengthen the control of diabetes and reduce the harm of diabetes At present, diabetes has become one of the most serious public health problems in the world In November last year, data released by the IDF showed that the death rate of diabetes was greater than that of AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria combined, with about one diabetic dying every six seconds In 2015, the number of adults with diabetes reached 415 million, with China (109.6 million), India (69.2 million) and the United States (29.3 million) in the top three countries Professor Jia Weiping, chairman of the diabetes branch of the Chinese Medical Association and the Sixth People's Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University, talked about the severe situation of diabetes prevalence in China He mentioned two quarters: the number of diabetes patients in China accounts for about one quarter of the total number of diabetes patients in the world, and the number of diabetes patients plus pre diabetes patients accounts for about one quarter of the total number of adults in China, and the undiagnosed rate Up to 60% This year's theme: eyes on diabetes the theme of this year's "UN Diabetes Day" is "eyes on diabetes" Relevant activities and materials are aimed at publicizing the importance of screening, ensuring the early diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, promoting diabetes treatment and reducing the risk of serious complications The theme page of "World Diabetes Day" on the official website of IDF lists some key points related to diabetes, which are sorted out as follows: 1 Diabetes is a huge and growing burden: in 2015, 415 million adults in the world suffered from diabetes In 2040, this figure is expected to grow to about 642 million 2 One in two adult patients with diabetes has not been diagnosed 3 Adopt a healthier lifestyle, up to 70% of type 2 diabetes cases can be prevented or delayed 4 With the increase of children's malnutrition and lack of physical activity in many countries, children's type 2 diabetes may become a global public health problem, leading to serious health consequences 5 Currently, 12% of the total global health expenditure is for adult diabetes 6 The number of diabetic patients in low-income and middle-income countries will continue to grow, posing a threat to sustainable development By 2040, for example, the number of people with diabetes in Africa is expected to double 7 Delayed diagnosis means that many patients with type 2 diabetes have at least one complication at the time of diagnosis 8 In many countries, diabetes is the main cause of blindness, cardiovascular disease, renal failure and lower limb amputation More than one third of the 915 million adults with diabetes will suffer from some form of diabetic retinopathy in their lifetime This complication can lead to visual impairment and blindness At present, more than 93 million people suffer from diabetic retinopathy 10 In 2015, global health spending for treating diabetes and managing complications is expected to be $673 billion To conquer diabetes, scientists have been trying to learn that World Diabetes Day is to commemorate the birth of Canadian scientist Frederick Banting In 1921, he and Charles best successfully extracted insulin for the first time; in 1922, insulin was successfully used in human trials for the first time The discovery of insulin is undoubtedly a milestone in the field of diabetes, which has changed the lives of countless patients Banting is also known as the "father of insulin" Since then, in the long-term struggle with diabetes, scientists have found many types of hypoglycemic drugs, including sulfonylureas, biguanides, α - glucosidase inhibitors, non sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, GLP-1 receptor agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors, sglt-2, according to the pathogenesis of diabetes and drug targets Inhibitors, etc In addition to these marketed products, scientists around the world are still actively developing different types of diabetes therapy At the beginning of this year, Xiaobian once wrote "10 studies and three therapies: can we subvert the era of diabetes" insulin injection "? 》This paper introduces the research progress of stem cell therapy, immunotherapy, bacterial therapy and so on So what progress have scientists made this year? Below, we recommend the latest 10 diabetes research progress published in 2016 Among them, some studies have new understanding of the pathogenesis of diabetes, others have put forward new methods of diabetes treatment 1 Cell: Professor Li Pingping's research team found a new pathogenesis and drug target of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) Firstly, he introduced a newly published achievement of Chinese scientists On November 3, in a study published in cell, Professor Li Pingping of the Institute of medicine of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences found a new pathogenesis and drug target of type 2 diabetes It was found that galectin-3 (GAL3), as an inflammatory factor secreted by macrophages, binds to insulin receptor and interferes with its signal pathway, which directly leads to insulin resistance The study also found that the level of GAL3 in the blood of obese patients increased significantly, which was positively correlated with HOMA-IR, and GAL3 could also induce insulin resistance in human muscle cells These results indicate that GAL3 can directly induce insulin resistance in obese patients Later, the team went on to study the effect of inhibiting GAL3 on insulin resistance The results showed that the insulin resistance of obese mice could be improved by either gene knockout of GAL3 or administration of GAL3 inhibitor, suggesting that GAL3 could be an effective drug target for the treatment of insulin resistance and diabetes 2 Nature: why diabetes is "so bad" is one of the main causes of heart disease, stroke, kidney disease and other related complications in diabetes In a study published in the journal Nature on November 2, scientists at the University of Washington identified a possible trigger mechanism for chronic inflammation Specifically, the study found that deletion of FASN (the gene encoding FAS) in macrophages can prevent diet induced insulin resistance, macrophage recruitment to adipose tissue and chronic inflammation [details] 3 Nature: insulin tolerance is related to intestinal bacteria human gut microbes impact host serum metabolome and insulin sensitivity A study published on nature on July 13 found that specific intestinal bacteria imbalance can lead to insulin tolerance, thus increasing the risk of health problems such as type 2 diabetes In the study, 277 non diabetic individuals and 75 patients with type 2 diabetes were investigated to analyze the role of insulin They monitored the concentration of more than 1200 metabolites in the blood and tested hundreds of bacteria in the human gut based on DNA The results showed that BCAAs, a group of amino acids in the blood of insulin tolerant people, increased Importantly, the increase of BCAAs level is related to some specific changes in the composition and function of intestinal flora 4 Nature: a breakthrough in the identification of Pro active and material β - cells in the islet of Langerhans was made on July 11 In a study published on nature, scientists found that the marker flattop can divide insulin producing pancreatic β cells into two categories Professor Heiko lickert, the study's co-author, said: "we have long known that there are different subsets of beta cells However, until now, its potential molecular mechanism is still unclear " This study found that the protein flattop was present in about 80% of β cells These cells can effectively determine the glucose concentration in the environment, and secrete the corresponding amount of insulin, which shows the metabolic characteristics of mature β cells In contrast, the β cells without flattop showed a particularly high proliferation rate "Our results show that flattop negative cells are an immature reservoir that constantly renews itself and replenishes mature beta cells," said lickert Subdivision of the two cell subtypes is expected to be able to comprehensively analyze the relevant signaling pathways, which brings hope for the development of regenerative therapy " 5 Nature Medicine: subverting the treatment of diabetes mellitus, maintaining the central injection of fibroblast growth factor 1 for more than 4 months, resulting in sustained removal of diabetic hyperglycemia in rats may 23, published in a study on Nature Medicine, scientists have tested a new way to reduce blood sugar in mice Once injected, the effect can last for more than 4 months The researchers injected FGF1 (fibroblast growth factor 1) into the ventricles of mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus After a single injection, they continuously observed for 7 days, and found that the blood glucose level was completely normal The next experiment lasted for 17 weeks, and the blood glucose level of the experimental mice remained within the normal range In other words, after a single injection of FGF1, the hypoglycemic effect was maintained for 18 weeks 6 Nature Nanotechnology: in the future, the treatment of diabetes can be done by sticking one sticker? On March 21, a graphene based electronic device with thermosponsive microneedles for diabetes monitoring and therapy was published in a study on Nature Nanotechnology Scientists developed an electronic skin "patch", which can sense excess glucose, and automatically give drugs by heating the microneedle The patch consists of graphene embedded with gold particles and contains a number of sensors capable of detecting humidity, glucose, pH and temperature If the patch senses a high glucose level, heating triggers the microneedles to dissolve the coating, releasing metformin At present, there are many kinds of skin patches that can present insulin or metformin, but the patch in this study includes both detection and administration functions [details] 7 Nature Genetics: type 1 and type 2 diabetes are of the same root? Genetic predisposition for beta cell fragility under lies type 1 and type 2 diabetes, a study published on Nature Genetics on March 21, shows that β cell gene defects are the common cause of type 1 and type 2 diabetes Scientists have found some genes that are very important for the survival of β cells Through these genes, β cells can be distinguished: some β cells are very tenacious, functional, and some β cells are very fragile, unable to withstand external stress stimulation People with diabetes - both type 1 and type 2 - have