Nat Neurosci: Virus operation of intermediate neurons with different functions in mice, non-human primates, and humans.

Large-scale transcriptional group studies are rapidly revealing when and where genes associated with neuropsyurological disorders are expressed in specific cell types.
understanding and treating these diseases will require a method of targeting and manipulating specific neuron subsypes.
, it has become critical to reach these populations in non-human primates and humans.
recombination adenovirus (rAAVs) is the preferred method for gene transfer in the nervous system, with no introviral selectivity for specific neuron populations.
of the system has been accelerated by the latest developments in techniques that allow transcriptional group and exogengenomics research at single-cell resolution.
search space for enhanced sub-selections is still large.
in order to focus our enhanced sub-selection, the authors chose to specialize in the regulatory posture of Scn1a, a gene expressed in different neuron populations whose destruction is associated with severe epilepsy.
combined with single-cell assays for translocation translocation chromatin sequencing (scATAC-seq) data with cross-species sequence conservativeity, the authors nominated ten candidate regulatory sequences near the gene.
the authors identified three enhancers that together targeted the breadth of the neuron population that expressed Scn1a.
, a specific short regulatory sequence is able to limit viral expression to cortological intermediate neurons (PV cIN) that express PV.
: Four subjects (two men/two females, aged 22-57) underwent a surgical procedure to remove brain tissue (the temporal lobe and the sea mass) to treat drug-resistant epilepsy.
in all cases, each participant underwent a preliminary operation to place subdural and/or deep electrodes for intracranial monitoring to determine the location of the seizure.
300 m slices from the sea horse and temporal lobe, in which the virus is targeted at the sub-region of the substrate membrane.
the electrophysiological records of the slices of cultured people from 7 to 14d after the virus was inoculated.
to transfer the slices of the cultivated people to the recording room.
the inherent membrane and discharge characteristics are analyzed.
rats were kept in the macro ambient temperature and humidity range of 17.8 to 26.1 degrees Celsius and 30 to 70 percent, respectively.
these parameters are closely monitored and controlled in rodent colonies.
a female common macaque (about 6 years old) from a group at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
adult (2-year-old) male macacamulatta from the California National Primate Research Center at the University of California, Davis.
a coronal slice on a mouse brain slicer (Zivic Instruments) and dissected the V1 cortical in a cold artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF).
processed, sequencing is performed using the Nova-Seq S2 100 cycle kit (Illumina).
results: The main obstacle to the early development of the examination circuit maturation in normal or pathological development situations, including Dravet syndrome, is the inability to access specific cell types without the use of genetically modified animals.
even with complex genetic strategies, young PV cIN is difficult to target.
take into account their abundance (they represent 40% of all inhibitory cIN) and appear relatively late.
more broadly, the enhancers identified in this study provide access to groups of neurons with special clinical significance.
most obviously, these enhancers can potentially be used to reduce the debilitating symptoms of Dravet syndrome through gene therapy or by regulating neuron activity.
have shown that local and systemic injections can be used to effectively transmit viruses to the brain.
by local injection may improve eclampsia, PFC dysfunction, or haima memory impairment.
, systemic introduction of viruses can be used in situations requiring comprehensive intervention, such as correcting general seizures or psychosis and neurodegenerative diseases.
authors, the rigorous identification of regulatory elements provides a roadmap for access to specific cell types in the therapeutic environment.
important is to prove that our enhanced sub-selection methods can be extended to other genes.
, we found a group of seven enhancers with unique specificity for different neuron populations and central nervous system regions.
even with strict criteria (90 per cent selectivity for the target population), our approach still has a significant success rate of 20 per cent."
, as predicted in the highly conservative sequence, the enhanced subset of the authors' tests proved to be equally selective and effective in all species, including humans.
Vormstein-Schneider, D., Lin, J.D., Pelkey, K.A. et al. Handy Viral of functionally distinct interneurons in mice, non-human primates and humans. Nat Neurosci (2020). MedSci Original Source: MedSci Original !-- Content Show Ends -- !-- Whether login ends.