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A new study led by the Stanford University School of Medicine shows that a second dose of the COVID-19 vaccine can have a strong boosting effect on parts of the immune system, thereby providing extensive antiviral protection
"Despite their excellent effects, little is known about the exact role of RNA vaccines," said Dr.
This result was recently published in "Nature" magazine, aiming to understand exactly the effect of the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccine sold by Pfizer on the various components of the immune response
The researchers collected blood samples from vaccinated individuals
Uncharted territory
"Recently, the world's attention has been focused on COVID-19 vaccines, especially new RNA vaccines," said Professor Pulendran
In the traditional sense, the main immunological basis for vaccine approval is their ability to induce neutralizing antibodies: this protein produced by B cells can attach itself to the virus and prevent it from infecting cells
"Antibodies are easy to measure," Pulendran said
Pulendran and colleagues evaluated the various types of immune cells affected by the vaccine: their number, activation level, expressed genes, and the proteins and metabolites they produce and secrete during vaccination
Another focus of their attention is T cells: These immune cells do not attach to virus particles like antibodies, but search for cells in the body's tissues with signs of viral infection, and destroy these cells when they are found
In addition, the innate immune system is also considered very important
New type of vaccine
Classical vaccines consist of live or dead pathogens, single proteins or carbohydrates, and they train the immune system to target specific microorganisms and destroy them
In December 2020, Stanford Medical School began to vaccinate people with Pfizer
The research team selected 56 healthy volunteers and collected blood samples at multiple time points before and after the first and second injections
"The benefits of the second shot far exceed the first shot," Pulendran said
Unexpectedly, the mRNA vaccine-especially the second dose-mobilized a group of newly discovered cells on a large scale, and these cells are usually scarce and quiescent
.
Researchers have found that monocytes expressing high levels of antiviral genes hardly respond to COVID-19 infection, but Pfizer vaccine induced them
.
This special group of monocytes accounted for only 0.
01% of all circulating blood cells before vaccination
.
But after the second vaccine injection, their number increased by 100 times and accounted for 1% of blood cells
.
Pulendran said that they appear to have unique capabilities to provide extensive protection against various viral infections
.
"Only one day after the booster immunization, the frequency of these cells increased astonishingly, which is surprising," Pulendran said
.
"Maybe these cells can not only fight against SARS-CoV-2, but also against other viruses
.
"
###
Arunachalam, PS, Scott, MKD, Hagan, T.
et al.
Systems vaccinology of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in humans.
Nature (2021).
https://doi.
org/10.
1038/s41586-021-03791-x