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Diagram showing performance on an object location memory task in which mice were tested to recognize an object that was moved to a new location
.
The graph on the left shows that given 5 minutes of training, the prepubescent females performed well on the task, while the adult females did not learn
A new study from the University of California, Irvine reveals that sex differences in learning and memory mechanisms are triggered by biological events that occur during adolescence
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The findings suggest that prepubertal female rodents have better hippocampal long-term potential (LTP) and spatial learning than male rodents of the same age, but that puberty has opposite effects on synaptic plasticity in both sexes
The study, titled "Prepubertal female rodents had enhanced hippocampal LTP and learning compared to male rodents, reversed with increased inhibition in adulthood", recently published in Nature Neuroscience
.
Since the late 19th century, the general consensus in the scientific community is that men outperform women on spatial tasks, while women are better at learning tasks involving linguistic material, and the general debate is why there is such a difference
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The surprising conclusion from our results is that sex-differentiated changes in polarized hippocampal synapses and associated learning occur after puberty, a distinct developmental change
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Thresholds for plasticity and encoding spatial information increase in females, whereas decreased in men
Adolescence is an important milestone in brain maturation that leads to various sex differences in behavior, but how it affects memory-encoding substrates is poorly understood
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The researchers discovered a female-specific mechanism that increases the LTP threshold and decreases spatial memory from before and after puberty
Levels of GABAA receptors containing the α5 subunit were increased only at inhibitory synapses in the CA1 region of the female hippocampus; this increase was associated with greater inhibition of synaptic activity, which is critical for synaptic plasticity and memory
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Alpha5 receptors are associated with anxiety, which also changes at the onset of the estrous cycle
"Women's emergent learning patterns may favor learning in complex environments, while men's emergent learning patterns favor quick access to simpler material
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This view suggests that optimal instructional strategies need to reflect prior Suspected brain differences between the sexes, and how these differences are significantly adjusted during adolescence
Further research will determine whether sex-specific changes in LTP thresholds are identified in the hippocampus, are also evident in other brain regions during post-pubertal life transitions, and affect the encoding of different types of memories
.
Magazine
Nature Neuroscience
DOI
10.
1038/s41593-021-01001-5
