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▎Edited by WuXi AppTec's content team Since the delta variant of the new crown virus has been circulating in many parts of the world, the so-called "breakthrough infection"-that is, the number of cases still infected with the new crown virus after vaccination has increased
.
Although the overall number is not large, it still raises people's doubts about the protective effect of the vaccine: Can the existing new crown vaccine provide extensive protection for the newly emerging mutant strains? A few days ago, the top academic journal "Nature" published an important paper online in the form of "Accelerated Article Preview" to answer this question
.
The Yale University research team tested blood samples from vaccinators and confirmed that two existing mRNA vaccines can enhance the immune system’s response to infection and prevent more than a dozen new coronavirus variants, including the delta variant
.
The experimental results also showed that people who had been infected with the new coronavirus before vaccination showed a stronger immune response to various mutant strains
.
Yale University immunologist Professor Akiko Iwasaki, epidemiologists Professor Nathan Grubaugh, and Professor Saad Omer co-led the research
.
The research team collected hundreds of blood samples from 40 medical staff at Yale New Haven Hospital, including them before vaccination, during the vaccination process of two doses of the new coronavirus vaccine, and a period of time after vaccination
.
▲Researchers regularly collected blood samples for evaluation from before the participants were vaccinated to 70 days after the second dose (picture source: reference [1]).
Then, the researchers used 16 kinds of new coronavirus variants that have been discovered and isolated Strains of live virus evaluated these blood samples
.
Because different mutant strains accumulate different mutations, some can enhance transmission, and some can produce immune escape.
The researchers measured and compared the antibody neutralization ability and T cell immunity of blood samples against each mutant strain.
Answer
.
Although the intensity of the immune response varies from person to person and from variant strains, in general, researchers have seen in the samples provided by all volunteers that the immune response is enhanced after vaccination
.
The titers of neutralizing antibodies against the spike protein of the new coronavirus and its receptor binding domain (RBD) reached a peak 7 days after the second dose of vaccine
.
The researchers also conducted a comprehensive analysis of the immune escape of various mutant viruses.
Among them, the mutant strains with E484K and N501Y/T mutations in the spike protein caused the most significant decrease in neutralization ability, which means that the mutations at these key sites are It is critical to weaken the protection of vaccines
.
Such mutant new coronaviruses include the Beta variant (B.
1.
351) that was first discovered in South Africa and the Gamma variant (P.
1) that was first discovered in Brazil
.
▲Key mutation sites of different variants of new coronaviruses and changes in the neutralizing activity of the vaccinator's serum against the virus (picture source: reference [1]) Professor Akiko Iwasaki analyzed and pointed out that the popular delta variant caused breakthrough infections It is unlikely to be caused by the vaccine’s failure to induce an immune response.
It is more likely to be due to the highly contagious nature of the Delta strain, which breaks through the immune system’s resistance
.
Professor Nathan Grubaugh added, “Because the Delta variant is more contagious than the earlier variants, its high transmission ability can explain the infection after vaccination better than its immune escape ability
.
” Image source: 123RF In this study, The scientists also compared volunteers who had been infected with the new crown before vaccination with volunteers who had not been infected
.
They found that people who have been infected have a stronger immune response, and the antibody titer after vaccination is significantly higher than that of people who have not been infected.
.
"Recovering from the initial infection is equivalent to getting the first shot of the vaccine," Professor Iwasaki explained
.
This also shows from the other hand that for vaccination, strengthening the immune response to antibodies and T cells plays an important role, and is a relevant strategy for alleviating the impact of new variants on antibody neutralization activity in the future
.
For the evolution of the new crown virus, scientists have made many deductions in advance.
For example, the well-known Italian virologist, Dr.
Roberto Burioni, proposed when he was envisioning the future of the new crown virus that the most optimistic possibility is the new crown virus.
No matter how it evolves, the vaccine cannot be completely ineffective
.
The current research results provide hope for achieving this optimistic future
.
Reference: [1] Carolina Lucas et al.
, (2021) Impact of circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants on mRNA vaccine-induced immunity.
Nature Doi: https://doi.
org/10.
1038/s41586-021-04085- y[2] Vaccines effective against most SARS-CoV-2 variants.
Retrieved Oct.
12, 2021 from https://news.
yale.
edu/2021/10/11/vaccines-effective-against-most-sars-cov- 2-variants
.
Although the overall number is not large, it still raises people's doubts about the protective effect of the vaccine: Can the existing new crown vaccine provide extensive protection for the newly emerging mutant strains? A few days ago, the top academic journal "Nature" published an important paper online in the form of "Accelerated Article Preview" to answer this question
.
The Yale University research team tested blood samples from vaccinators and confirmed that two existing mRNA vaccines can enhance the immune system’s response to infection and prevent more than a dozen new coronavirus variants, including the delta variant
.
The experimental results also showed that people who had been infected with the new coronavirus before vaccination showed a stronger immune response to various mutant strains
.
Yale University immunologist Professor Akiko Iwasaki, epidemiologists Professor Nathan Grubaugh, and Professor Saad Omer co-led the research
.
The research team collected hundreds of blood samples from 40 medical staff at Yale New Haven Hospital, including them before vaccination, during the vaccination process of two doses of the new coronavirus vaccine, and a period of time after vaccination
.
▲Researchers regularly collected blood samples for evaluation from before the participants were vaccinated to 70 days after the second dose (picture source: reference [1]).
Then, the researchers used 16 kinds of new coronavirus variants that have been discovered and isolated Strains of live virus evaluated these blood samples
.
Because different mutant strains accumulate different mutations, some can enhance transmission, and some can produce immune escape.
The researchers measured and compared the antibody neutralization ability and T cell immunity of blood samples against each mutant strain.
Answer
.
Although the intensity of the immune response varies from person to person and from variant strains, in general, researchers have seen in the samples provided by all volunteers that the immune response is enhanced after vaccination
.
The titers of neutralizing antibodies against the spike protein of the new coronavirus and its receptor binding domain (RBD) reached a peak 7 days after the second dose of vaccine
.
The researchers also conducted a comprehensive analysis of the immune escape of various mutant viruses.
Among them, the mutant strains with E484K and N501Y/T mutations in the spike protein caused the most significant decrease in neutralization ability, which means that the mutations at these key sites are It is critical to weaken the protection of vaccines
.
Such mutant new coronaviruses include the Beta variant (B.
1.
351) that was first discovered in South Africa and the Gamma variant (P.
1) that was first discovered in Brazil
.
▲Key mutation sites of different variants of new coronaviruses and changes in the neutralizing activity of the vaccinator's serum against the virus (picture source: reference [1]) Professor Akiko Iwasaki analyzed and pointed out that the popular delta variant caused breakthrough infections It is unlikely to be caused by the vaccine’s failure to induce an immune response.
It is more likely to be due to the highly contagious nature of the Delta strain, which breaks through the immune system’s resistance
.
Professor Nathan Grubaugh added, “Because the Delta variant is more contagious than the earlier variants, its high transmission ability can explain the infection after vaccination better than its immune escape ability
.
” Image source: 123RF In this study, The scientists also compared volunteers who had been infected with the new crown before vaccination with volunteers who had not been infected
.
They found that people who have been infected have a stronger immune response, and the antibody titer after vaccination is significantly higher than that of people who have not been infected.
.
"Recovering from the initial infection is equivalent to getting the first shot of the vaccine," Professor Iwasaki explained
.
This also shows from the other hand that for vaccination, strengthening the immune response to antibodies and T cells plays an important role, and is a relevant strategy for alleviating the impact of new variants on antibody neutralization activity in the future
.
For the evolution of the new crown virus, scientists have made many deductions in advance.
For example, the well-known Italian virologist, Dr.
Roberto Burioni, proposed when he was envisioning the future of the new crown virus that the most optimistic possibility is the new crown virus.
No matter how it evolves, the vaccine cannot be completely ineffective
.
The current research results provide hope for achieving this optimistic future
.
Reference: [1] Carolina Lucas et al.
, (2021) Impact of circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants on mRNA vaccine-induced immunity.
Nature Doi: https://doi.
org/10.
1038/s41586-021-04085- y[2] Vaccines effective against most SARS-CoV-2 variants.
Retrieved Oct.
12, 2021 from https://news.
yale.
edu/2021/10/11/vaccines-effective-against-most-sars-cov- 2-variants
