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Written | Edited by Wang Cong | Typeset by Wang Duoyu | Shuichengwen Since the 1940s, the United States has launched three world-famous large-scale projects-the Manhattan Project, the Apollo Project and the Human Genome Project
.
These three plans allowed mankind to possess nuclear weapons for the first time, land on the moon, and decipher the book of life
.
And these three huge plans, in front of the "brain plan", seem to pale in comparison
.
After all, the human brain is too complicated
.
To understand how the brain works, it is no less difficult than looking at the earth from space and hearing people talking on the ground
.
The human brain has 86 billion neurons, and each neuron is full of synapses that connect to other cells.
If you magnify the folds on the surface of the brain by 1,000,000 times, you will see a cell composed of cells of different shapes and sizes.
Kaleidoscope, they branch and touch each other; zoom in 100,000 times and you will see the inner workings of the cells-the tiny structures of each cell, the contact points between them, and the long distance connections between brain regions
.
Scientists have drawn such maps for the brains of nematodes, fruit flies, and a small part of the brains of mice and humans
.
However, this is only the beginning of human exploration of the mysteries of the brain
.
To truly understand how the brain works, scientists also need to know how each of the approximately 1,000 types of cells in the brain communicate with each other using different electrical signals
.
Only with this complete and clear map can we truly understand the neural networks that drive human thinking and behavior.
.
In 2013, then US President Barack Obama and the President of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Francis Collins announced the launch of the "BRAIN Initiative", which is expected to cost more than US$5 billion to explore new technologies The genetics and physiology of the brain improve human cognition of the brain from the cellular level
.
It is expected that by the end of the 2026 plan, an inexhaustible "gold mine" will be created for psychiatry, neurodegenerative diseases and neurodevelopmental disorders
.
Francis Collins (left) October 7, 2021, Nature launched 16 "BRAIN Initiative" research papers at one time, reporting the phased research results of this ambitious project-at the molecular level Fully map the characteristics of mammalian primary motor cortex cell types
.
These research results are expected to help scientists determine more suitable animal models of human brain diseases-such as Parkinson's disease, motor neuron disease and Alzheimer's disease-with common cellular characteristics
.
It also helps explain how neurons and brain circuits participate in human emotions, behavior, and learning, laying the foundation for a more comprehensive understanding of human cognitive abilities
.
The brain is the most complex and highly active substance in the universe.
There is no panacea to crack its working principle.
An understanding of its basic hardware helps to understand the principles of the brain's neural circuits
.
The "BRAIN Initiative" is a collaboration between hundreds of researchers around the world.
They form the Brain Neuron Cell Survey Network Alliance, or BICCN for short
.
Currently, the BICCN Alliance has mapped the cell types in about 1% of mouse brains and has some preliminary data on the brains of primates, including humans
.
And plans to complete the mapping of the entire mouse brain by 2023
.
These maps have already hinted at some subtle differences between species, which may help explain human susceptibility to certain diseases (such as Alzheimer's disease)
.
The basic insights of the BICCN Consortium include comparing the primary motor cortex cells of three species-mice, marmosets, and humans.
The primary motor cortex is the part of the brain responsible for skilled movement.
These findings will help reveal which cellular mechanisms are between species.
Is conservative
.
This will help researchers establish model organisms most suitable for studying neurodegenerative diseases
.
In these phased results, the researchers created a map that revealed the location of approximately 25 cell subtypes in the primary motor cortex of these three species, and detailed all the long-distance neural connections (axons) in these areas.
This will help neuroscientists to study how the brain controls movement
.
Researchers have also gained insight into how cells in the human neocortex acquire identities during embryonic development
.
These research results provide scientists with tools to visualize and mine a large number of new data sets
.
In addition, researchers have begun to create a genetic "toolbox" that uses characteristic differences in gene expression in specific cell types to label and manipulate these cells
.
Scientists hope to complete an online map in the next few years, detailing the type and location of each cell in the mouse brain, and all data will be provided free of charge
.
From creating the so-called cell census to understanding the precise information that a particular neuron network is processing, this is a huge leap
.
Scientists don't yet know how the brain processes and tells us about hunger or cold, or the sensory information flow that creates a lifetime memory
.
The BRAIN Initiative has revealed a high degree of evolutionary conservation among the basic cell components of different mammalian brains
.
This is not surprising given that there is extensive genetic overlap and similarity between species in behaviors such as feeding and reproduction
.
But this is also gratifying, because we have realized the challenge of the extent to which animal models provide useful insights about the human brain
.
The mouse brain has about 70 million neurons, while the human brain has about 86 billion neurons.
Each neuron is full of synapses, allowing them to connect to other cells
.
Professor Zeng Hongkui, an important participant in this project and director of the Allen Institute for Brain Science, said that even drawing a sketch of the neural network of the human brain will take at least 50 years, but as these papers show, scientists are deciphering the brain.
Significant progress has been made in creating tools, and these tools will one day unlock the secrets of the unique cognitive attributes of human beings
.
The following reference links for these 16 Nature papers: https:// .
nature.
com/collections/cicghheddj https:// is open for reprinting, welcome to forward to the circle of friends and WeChat groups
.
These three plans allowed mankind to possess nuclear weapons for the first time, land on the moon, and decipher the book of life
.
And these three huge plans, in front of the "brain plan", seem to pale in comparison
.
After all, the human brain is too complicated
.
To understand how the brain works, it is no less difficult than looking at the earth from space and hearing people talking on the ground
.
The human brain has 86 billion neurons, and each neuron is full of synapses that connect to other cells.
If you magnify the folds on the surface of the brain by 1,000,000 times, you will see a cell composed of cells of different shapes and sizes.
Kaleidoscope, they branch and touch each other; zoom in 100,000 times and you will see the inner workings of the cells-the tiny structures of each cell, the contact points between them, and the long distance connections between brain regions
.
Scientists have drawn such maps for the brains of nematodes, fruit flies, and a small part of the brains of mice and humans
.
However, this is only the beginning of human exploration of the mysteries of the brain
.
To truly understand how the brain works, scientists also need to know how each of the approximately 1,000 types of cells in the brain communicate with each other using different electrical signals
.
Only with this complete and clear map can we truly understand the neural networks that drive human thinking and behavior.
.
In 2013, then US President Barack Obama and the President of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Francis Collins announced the launch of the "BRAIN Initiative", which is expected to cost more than US$5 billion to explore new technologies The genetics and physiology of the brain improve human cognition of the brain from the cellular level
.
It is expected that by the end of the 2026 plan, an inexhaustible "gold mine" will be created for psychiatry, neurodegenerative diseases and neurodevelopmental disorders
.
Francis Collins (left) October 7, 2021, Nature launched 16 "BRAIN Initiative" research papers at one time, reporting the phased research results of this ambitious project-at the molecular level Fully map the characteristics of mammalian primary motor cortex cell types
.
These research results are expected to help scientists determine more suitable animal models of human brain diseases-such as Parkinson's disease, motor neuron disease and Alzheimer's disease-with common cellular characteristics
.
It also helps explain how neurons and brain circuits participate in human emotions, behavior, and learning, laying the foundation for a more comprehensive understanding of human cognitive abilities
.
The brain is the most complex and highly active substance in the universe.
There is no panacea to crack its working principle.
An understanding of its basic hardware helps to understand the principles of the brain's neural circuits
.
The "BRAIN Initiative" is a collaboration between hundreds of researchers around the world.
They form the Brain Neuron Cell Survey Network Alliance, or BICCN for short
.
Currently, the BICCN Alliance has mapped the cell types in about 1% of mouse brains and has some preliminary data on the brains of primates, including humans
.
And plans to complete the mapping of the entire mouse brain by 2023
.
These maps have already hinted at some subtle differences between species, which may help explain human susceptibility to certain diseases (such as Alzheimer's disease)
.
The basic insights of the BICCN Consortium include comparing the primary motor cortex cells of three species-mice, marmosets, and humans.
The primary motor cortex is the part of the brain responsible for skilled movement.
These findings will help reveal which cellular mechanisms are between species.
Is conservative
.
This will help researchers establish model organisms most suitable for studying neurodegenerative diseases
.
In these phased results, the researchers created a map that revealed the location of approximately 25 cell subtypes in the primary motor cortex of these three species, and detailed all the long-distance neural connections (axons) in these areas.
This will help neuroscientists to study how the brain controls movement
.
Researchers have also gained insight into how cells in the human neocortex acquire identities during embryonic development
.
These research results provide scientists with tools to visualize and mine a large number of new data sets
.
In addition, researchers have begun to create a genetic "toolbox" that uses characteristic differences in gene expression in specific cell types to label and manipulate these cells
.
Scientists hope to complete an online map in the next few years, detailing the type and location of each cell in the mouse brain, and all data will be provided free of charge
.
From creating the so-called cell census to understanding the precise information that a particular neuron network is processing, this is a huge leap
.
Scientists don't yet know how the brain processes and tells us about hunger or cold, or the sensory information flow that creates a lifetime memory
.
The BRAIN Initiative has revealed a high degree of evolutionary conservation among the basic cell components of different mammalian brains
.
This is not surprising given that there is extensive genetic overlap and similarity between species in behaviors such as feeding and reproduction
.
But this is also gratifying, because we have realized the challenge of the extent to which animal models provide useful insights about the human brain
.
The mouse brain has about 70 million neurons, while the human brain has about 86 billion neurons.
Each neuron is full of synapses, allowing them to connect to other cells
.
Professor Zeng Hongkui, an important participant in this project and director of the Allen Institute for Brain Science, said that even drawing a sketch of the neural network of the human brain will take at least 50 years, but as these papers show, scientists are deciphering the brain.
Significant progress has been made in creating tools, and these tools will one day unlock the secrets of the unique cognitive attributes of human beings
.
The following reference links for these 16 Nature papers: https:// .
nature.
com/collections/cicghheddj https:// is open for reprinting, welcome to forward to the circle of friends and WeChat groups
