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Epidemiological and clinical studies have shown that immune and neurological diseases have increased dramatically
.
In 1989, British scholar Strachan put forward the "hygiene hypothesis": early childhood contact with infection can reduce the risk of allergic diseases in the future
.
Scientists believe that life>
.
In recent years, biology has set off a revolution in the study of intestinal flora, aiming to understand how (and more importantly, why) mammals have a large number of symbiotic bacteria
.
In addition to the direct control of social behavior by the brain, the bacterial community in the gut is essential for normal social behavior
.
Determining the interaction between gut microbes, neurons, and behavioral changes may help improve social deficits caused by diseases such as depression and autism
.
On June 30, 2021, Sarkis K.
Mazmanian, a postdoctoral fellow in the research group of the Department of Bioengineering and Biology of California Institute of Technology, Wei-Li Wu, currently working at National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, revealed that specific intestinal bacteria can inhibit the activation of the HPA axis by mediating Different stress-responsive neural circuits regulate social behavior
.
Sterile mice showed social disorders and a large number of neurons in specific areas of the brain were activated.
Researchers found that the social activities of sterile (GF) mice and stranger mice were reduced.
Normal SPF mice were receiving antibiotic treatment (hereinafter referred to as antibiotic mice).
) Also appeared social barriers
.
Immunofluorescence experiments found that neurons in the hippocampal DG area, hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and stria terminal nucleus (BNST) of GF mice and ABX mice were activated
.
Interestingly, GF and ABX mice increased their serum corticosterone levels after brief social contact with unfamiliar mice
.
Transplanting the intestinal flora of SPF-grade normal mice into sterile mice can significantly improve social disorders and reduce corticosterone levels
.
To further confirm that the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is involved in social behaviors regulated by the intestinal flora, they injected GF mice with corticosterone synthesis blocker metyrapone (MET), which can reduce serum corticosterone.
Reverse social disorder behavior
.
The adrenal glands are the main source of corticosterone
.
ABX mice can also reverse the social disorder after adrenaline removal, while the sham operation group still exhibits social disorder
.
RU486 is an oral abortion drug that can antagonize glucocorticoid receptors
.
They found that the social activities of the ABX sham operation group returned to normal after receiving RU486 treatment, which promoted the social activities of the adrenaline-removed ABX mice
.
The researchers used the gene encoding glucocorticoid receptor Nr3c1-cre tool to specifically knock out Nr3c1 after mice injected the virus into specific brain regions
.
After knocking out Nr3c1 in the hippocampus DG and BNST brain regions, even if they were treated with antibiotics, they could maintain normal social activities
.
However, knocking out Nr3c1 in the PVN region aggravated the social barriers caused by antibiotic treatment
.
These results indicate that glucocorticoid receptors in different brain regions have different effects on social behavior regulated by intestinal flora
.
Chronic chemogenetic inhibition of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) neurons in the PVN brain region can reverse the social disorder of ABX mice and reduce the level of corticosterone
.
After chronically activating CRH neurons in this brain area or injecting synthetic CRH into this brain area, normal SPF mice will also develop social disorders
.
Then the researchers used microbial sequencing technology to reveal the culprit causing social disorders-that is, Enterococcus faecalis
.
Sterile mice colonized with Enterococcus faecalis showed improved social behavior and decreased corticosterone levels
.
In general, this article reveals the molecular and circuit mechanisms of the microbes living in the intestine that affect the social behavior of mice from the perspectives of the HPA axis and the neural circuit
.
This has important guiding significance for the later development of intestinal flora drugs to treat social disorders-related diseases
.
[References] 1.
https://doi.
org/10.
1038/s41586-021-03669-y2.
https:// Bacteria-and-social-behavior-in-mice The pictures in the article are all from the original reference.
Download link: https://pan.
baidu.
com/s/1OsfBhzJThQBQd8kMVTt7ow Extraction code: hu9h
Epidemiological and clinical studies have shown that immune and neurological diseases have increased dramatically
.
In 1989, British scholar Strachan put forward the "hygiene hypothesis": early childhood contact with infection can reduce the risk of allergic diseases in the future
.
Scientists believe that life>
.
In recent years, biology has set off a revolution in the study of intestinal flora, aiming to understand how (and more importantly, why) mammals have a large number of symbiotic bacteria
.
In addition to the direct control of social behavior by the brain, the bacterial community in the gut is essential for normal social behavior
.
Determining the interaction between gut microbes, neurons, and behavioral changes may help improve social deficits caused by diseases such as depression and autism
.
On June 30, 2021, Sarkis K.
Mazmanian, a postdoctoral fellow in the research group of the Department of Bioengineering and Biology of California Institute of Technology, Wei-Li Wu, currently working at National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, revealed that specific intestinal bacteria can inhibit the activation of the HPA axis by mediating Different stress-responsive neural circuits regulate social behavior
.
Sterile mice showed social disorders and a large number of neurons in specific areas of the brain were activated.
Researchers found that the social activities of sterile (GF) mice and stranger mice were reduced.
Normal SPF mice were receiving antibiotic treatment (hereinafter referred to as antibiotic mice).
) Also appeared social barriers
.
Immunofluorescence experiments found that neurons in the hippocampal DG area, hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and stria terminal nucleus (BNST) of GF mice and ABX mice were activated
.
Interestingly, GF and ABX mice increased their serum corticosterone levels after brief social contact with unfamiliar mice
.
Transplanting the intestinal flora of SPF-grade normal mice into sterile mice can significantly improve social disorders and reduce corticosterone levels
.
To further confirm that the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is involved in social behaviors regulated by the intestinal flora, they injected GF mice with corticosterone synthesis blocker metyrapone (MET), which can reduce serum corticosterone.
Reverse social disorder behavior
.
The adrenal glands are the main source of corticosterone
.
ABX mice can also reverse the social disorder after adrenaline removal, while the sham operation group still exhibits social disorder
.
RU486 is an oral abortion drug that can antagonize glucocorticoid receptors
.
They found that the social activities of the ABX sham operation group returned to normal after receiving RU486 treatment, which promoted the social activities of the adrenaline-removed ABX mice
.
The researchers used the gene encoding glucocorticoid receptor Nr3c1-cre tool to specifically knock out Nr3c1 after mice injected the virus into specific brain regions
.
After knocking out Nr3c1 in the hippocampus DG and BNST brain regions, even if they were treated with antibiotics, they could maintain normal social activities
.
However, knocking out Nr3c1 in the PVN region aggravated the social barriers caused by antibiotic treatment
.
These results indicate that glucocorticoid receptors in different brain regions have different effects on social behavior regulated by intestinal flora
.
Chronic chemogenetic inhibition of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) neurons in the PVN brain region can reverse the social disorder of ABX mice and reduce the level of corticosterone
.
After chronically activating CRH neurons in this brain area or injecting synthetic CRH into this brain area, normal SPF mice will also develop social disorders
.
Then the researchers used microbial sequencing technology to reveal the culprit causing social disorders-that is, Enterococcus faecalis
.
Sterile mice colonized with Enterococcus faecalis showed improved social behavior and decreased corticosterone levels
.
In general, this article reveals the molecular and circuit mechanisms of the microbes living in the intestine that affect the social behavior of mice from the perspectives of the HPA axis and the neural circuit
.
This has important guiding significance for the later development of intestinal flora drugs to treat social disorders-related diseases
.
[References] 1.
https://doi.
org/10.
1038/s41586-021-03669-y2.
https:// Bacteria-and-social-behavior-in-mice The pictures in the article are all from the original reference.
Download link: https://pan.
baidu.
com/s/1OsfBhzJThQBQd8kMVTt7ow Extraction code: hu9h
