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    Home > Medical News > Medical World News > Nobel Prize winner in chemistry: More than 50 cover letters from 5 countries achievement "mother of gene editing"

    Nobel Prize winner in chemistry: More than 50 cover letters from 5 countries achievement "mother of gene editing"

    • Last Update: 2020-10-24
    • Source: Internet
    • Author: User
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    Text . . . Lu Lujun recently announced the winners of the high-profile 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
    Emmanuelle Charpentier of the Max Planck Institute for Pathogens in Germany and Jennifer A. Doudna of the University of California, Berkeley, won the award for their discovery of CRISPR/Cas9 gene scissors, one of the sharpest tools in gene technology.
    , 51, is known as the "mother of gene editing" and has won awards.
    little known is that she was unable to hire her own technicians or receive long-term funding until she was 45, but after a long and arduous experimental study, she finally broke out in gene editing technology.
    five countries, nine universities, and a 20-year genetic editing tour of Dr. Emmanuele Charpentier has just begun.
    2020 Nobel Laureate emmanuelle Charpentier, Professor Jennifer Doudna (pictured) contributed to advancing medicine In 1968, Emmanuele Charpentier, who studied piano and ballet in a small town near Paris, France, set her own goal: to advance medicine and take the path of life science research.
    time, her parents were just supporting her ideas, but they didn't have any guidance.
    graduated from the Sixth University of Paris, Charpentier decided to pursue a Ph.D. at the nearby Pasteur Institute.
    her Ph.D. program includes analyzing bacterial DNA fragments.
    these fragments wander between genes and cells, allowing resistance to spread.
    like to study at the San Genavierf Library, "I think I've found my place."
    ," she said.
    in order to set up her own laboratory at the Pasteur Institute, she decided to go abroad for postdoctoral research to gain experience.
    Charpentier sent more than 50 cover letters and received a bunch of acceptance letters, and eventually chose to work in the lab of Elaine Tuomanen, a microbiologist at Rockefeller University in the United States, to study Bicococcal pneumoniae.
    this microorganism is the main pathogenic bacteria of pneumonia, meningitis and sepsis, and has a special one-way rotation relationship with motor genetic factors.
    , Charpentier was afraid of distant New York across the ocean, but later found himself very adaptable.
    she conducted gruelling experiments in the lab to find out how pathogens monitor and block related elements and how to fight vancomycin.
    , she went to the lab of Pamela Cowin, a skin cell biologist at New York University.
    Cowin recalls that Charpentier was the first postdoctoral student she didn't need to look after at all times.
    "she can work as planned.
    she's hard, rigorous and meticulous."
    a postdoctoral program in New York, Charpentier realized it was time to go back.
    , she chose a university in Vienna, Austria, to set up a laboratory and started it with unstable short-term funding.
    first time that Charpentier began thinking about CRISPR gene editing technology in a laboratory in Vienna, Austria.
    was still a snub at the time, and only a handful of microbiologists noticed components of the antiviral defense system that existed in this part of the bacteria.
    bacteria can copy part of the virus's DNA and insert it into the genome so that the virus recognizes it the next time it comes and cuts off its DNA.
    different CRISPR systems have different ways of attacking, but all known systems contain an RNA molecule, crispr RNA.
    Charpentier hopes to find a location in the S. pyogenes genome that regulates RNAs, so she found molecular microbiologist Jörg Vogel, who developed a method for mapping the genome RNAs on a large scale, and agreed to complete the mapping of S. pyogenes.
    , Charpentier et al. first noticed a super-rich small molecule: trans-activating CRISPR RNA (tracrRNA).
    , we discovered a new type of RNA: tracrRNA, associated with the CRISPR-Cas9 system, which we published in the journal Nature in 2011.
    "TracrRNA sequence and position on the genome is exactly where the Charpentier bioinsynatics analysis predicted proximity to the CRISPR site, so they realized that the molecule was likely to be involved in the previously estred CRISPR system."
    , Charpentier and others began a long experiment to understand the system, and eventually found that the CRISPR system contained three components: tracrRNA, CRISPR RNA, and Cas9 enzymes.
    surprised by this: "Other CRISPR systems contain only one RNA and many proteins, and no two RNAs are found to be involved," Charpentier said.
    the system was so simple and simple thatCharpentier decided that one day it would become a powerful genetic engineering tool.
    but how exactly does the CRISPR system work? Charpentier suspects that the two RNAs may actually interact, guiding Cas9 to a particular DNA sequence in the virus.
    , because CRISPR research was so cold, Charpentier had difficulty persuading students to conduct experiments to verify that the two RNAs interacted.
    in crispr research circles at the time, Charpentier was an obscure researcher.
    really changed her when she met Jennifer Doudna, a structural biologist at the University of California, Berkeley, at the American Society for Microbiology conference in 2011.
    the two of them at first sight and began working together on how Cas9, the second key stage in the development of the CRISPR system, cut DNA.
    the secrets behind it were solved, the researchers found that the system could indeed be used to target the genome and modify the sequence.
    Charpentier contacted Novak, who was working for pharmaceutical giant Sanofi at the time, to co-found a company that studies human gene therapy.
    November 2013, Charpentier, Novak and Shaun Foy co-founded CRISPR Therapeutics.
    in order to devote all her energy to genetic research, she needs a permanent position with the support of more institutions.
    , she moved her lab to Germany, became a professor at the Hanover School of Medicine, and became director of the nearby Helmholtz Center for Infectious Diseases Research.
    here, she finally hired her own technician and set up a lab with 16 doctoral students and post-Bo.
    , Charpentier, who has won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and the Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, has plenty of technical support and financial support.
    , although she has made great achievements in scientific research, she is still addicted to life science, "I have not changed, I will not change."
    my scientist dream of standing here, and I'll always have that dream.
    "
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