Notes from the third edition of Wang Mirror Rock's Biochemistry.

Biochemistry
Notes For Wang Mirror Rock and other "Biochemistry" 3th edition suitable for Wang MirrorYan "Biochemistry" 3th edition as the test and research guidance
teaching materials of the university biological candidates preparation
director
Chapter 1 overview------------------------------01------------------------------
Chapter II Sugar ------------------------------06
Chapter III Lipids ------------------------------14
Chapter IV Egg White (Note 1)-------------------------21
Chapter V Enzymes (Note 2)-------------------------38
Sixth. Chapter Nucleic Acids (Note 3) --------------------------------------48
Chapter VII Vitamins (Note 4)-------------------------56
Chapter VII Anti-Biotics ------------------------------60
Chapter 9 Hormones------------------------------ 63
Chapter 10 General Theory of Metabolism ------------------------------68
Chapter 11 Sugar Metabolism (Note 5) --------------------------------------70
Chapter 12 Biooxidation ------------------------------ 78
. Chapter 13 Lipid Metabolism (Note 6) --------------------------------------80
Chapter 14
Protein
Metabolism (Note 7) -----------------------------------85
Chapter 15
Degradation
and Nucleotide Metabolism --------------91--------------
16th Chapter
Replication and Repair of DNA
(Note 8) ---------------------------93
Synthesis and Processing of Chapter 17 RNA (Note 9)---------------------------98
Synthesis and Operation of Chapter 18 Proteins -------------------101
. Chapter 19 Metabolic Emptying -----------------------------103
Chapter 20 Biofilm (Supplementary Part) ---------------------108
Note:
(1) corresponding to Chapters 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 of the biochemistry textbooks.
(2) corresponding to chapters 8, 9, and 10 of the biochemistry textbooks.
(3) corresponding to chapters 12, 13, 14, 15 of the biochemistry textbooks.
(4) corresponds to Chapter 11 of the Biochemistry Textbook.
(5) corresponding to chapters 22, 23, 25, 26, 27 of the biochemistry textbooks.
(6) corresponds to chapters 28 and 29 of the Biochemistry Textbook.
(7) corresponds to chapters 30, 31, 32 of the biochemistry textbooks.
(8) corresponding to the biochemistry textbook book 34, 35 chapter,
(9) corresponding to the biochemistry textbook book 36, 37.
chapter 20 of the book shall be added at the request of the students who use this note, corresponding to chapters 18 and 21 of the textbook.summary of
notes:
notes from some of my school leaders and their own finishing of the examination and research notes, some of which also come from some information on the Internet, the content is more substantial, suitable for Wang Mirror Rock "biochemistry" third edition for the examination and research reference materials of the university review and preparation for examination and development.
the third edition of Wang Mirror Rock's Biochemistry is divided into 40 chapters. The upper volume is static biochemistry, which requires more knowledge points of memory, and the lower volume is dynamic biochemistry, which, in addition to the knowledge points of memory, focuses more on the chemical changes of large molecules of life in the course of life.
this note will be classified as a chapter as much as possible into a chapter, so that we can review the order. This boils down to the directory.
in order for you to be able to read this note more comfortably, I spent a lot of time typography, I hope you can enjoy it.
the picture inserted in this note is not related to the note, but is for viewing purposes only.
note refers to many other people's materials during the collation process, and the copyright belongs to the original author.
Chapter I Overview
Section I Overview
First, biom molecules are biologically specific organic compounds
biom molecules refer to all kinds of molecules unique to organisms, they are organic matter. A typical cell contains 10,000 to 100,000 biological molecules, nearly half of which are small molecules with a molecular weight of less than 500. The rest are bio-small molecule polymers, molecular weight is very large, generally in more than 10,000, some as high as 1012, so called bio-polymer. A small molecular unit that forms a biological large molecule, called a component.
amino acids
nucleotides, and monosaccharides are the building blocks that make up proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides, respectively.
, biological molecules have complex and ordered structures
biological molecules have their own unique structures. The molecular weight of biological large molecules, the variety of components, the number of large, the order of arrangement is changing, so its structure is very complex. It is estimated that there are 1010-1012 proteins alone. Biological molecules are orderly, each biological molecule has its own structural characteristics, all biological molecules are in a certain order (
tissue
nature) in the life system.
3. Biological structure has a special level
biology uses a few biological elements (C, H, O, N, S, P) to form small molecular components, such as amino acids, nucleotides, monosaccharides, etc.;
different structure levels of biological organisms have qualitative differences: low-level structure is simple, no genus specificity, strong binding force; Biological large molecules are the material basis of life, and life is the existence form of biological large molecules. The special movement of biological large molecules embodies the phenomenon of life.
, biological molecules are exercising a single function
each biological molecule has a single biological function. Nucleic acids store and carry genetic information, enzymes catalyz chemical reactions, and sugar provides energy. The existence of any biological molecule has its special biological significance. People study a biological molecule in order to understand and use its function.
, metabolism is a condition of the existence of biometrics
metabolism not only produces biometric molecules, but also makes biological molecules in a stable state with a certain order, and constantly get self-renewal. Once metabolism stops, a stable biometric system will develop into disorder, disintegrate in change, and enter the non-living world.
, the biological molecular system has the ability to self-replicate
the genetic material DNA can self-replicate, other biological molecules in the direct or indirect guidance of DNA synthesis. The reproduction and synthesis of biological molecules is the basis for the reproduction of organisms.
, biom molecules can be synthesized and modified
biomass is produced through long evolution. With the development of life science, people have been able to synthesize various kinds of biom molecules in-body, and biotechnology aimed at synthesizeing and transforming biometrics is on the rise.
section II Biological elements
Among the more than 100 known elements, 27 are necessary for life processes, called biological elements. The elements used by organisms to make up themselves are determined by long-term selection. Biological elements are elements that are abundant and easy to obtain in nature and can meet the needs of life processes.
, the main biological elements are light elements
the main biological elements C, H, O, N accounted for more than 95% of the total biological elements, its atomic number is within 8. They and S, P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Cl a total of 11 elements, constitute more than 99% of the total mass of organisms, called constant elements, atomic order is within 20. The other 16 elements are called trace elements, including B, F, Si, Se, As, I, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sn, Mo, atomic number within 53.
II, hydrocarbon oxygen nitrogen parathion is the basic material of biometrics
(i) hydrocarbon is the main element of biometrics
carbon atoms are difficult to obtain electrons, but also difficult to lose electrons, the most suitable for the formation of co-price bonds. The carbon atom's extraordinary bonding ability and its tesometric configuration allow it to self-combine to form biometric skeletons with different structures. Carbon atoms can also be combined with other elements by co-price bonds to form chemically active function groups.
hydrogen atoms are combined with carbon atoms with stable co-price bonds to form the skeleton of biological molecules. Some hydrogen atoms of biological molecules are called reduction capabilities, and they release energy when oxidized. The amount of hydrogen in biometric molecules (expressed in H/C) is directly related to their energy supply value. Hydrogen atoms are also involved in the composition of many hydro-groups. Hydrogen atoms that bind to atoms such as oxygen nitrogen, which are highly electron negative, are also involved in the composition of hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bonds are an important force in maintaining the advanced structure of biological large molecules.
(ii) Oxygen nitrogen parathion constitutes a functional group
they are the only elements other than carbon that can form a multi-price co-price bond, can form a variety of functional groups and hybrid ring structure, to determine the nature and function of biom molecules is of great significance.
, parathion is directly related to energy exchange. Important energy conversion reactions in organisms are often related to the formation and fracture of certain chemical bonds of parathion. Phosphate and thioester bonds in some high-energy molecules are high-energy bonds.
III, inorclemic biological elements
(i), the use of transition elements mating capacity
transition elements have an empty orbit, can be combined with atoms with a lone pair of electrons with mating keys. Different transition elements have different number of places, can form a variety of mating structures, such as triangles, tetphdals, hexaheroids and so on. The network and effect of transition elements are of particular importance in forming and stabilizing the structure of biome molecules.
the attraction of these transition elements to electrons, it can also lead to the polarization of the co-priced bonds of the polymer molecules, which is useful for the catalysis of enzymes. More than one-third of enzymes have been found to contain metal elements, including more than a hundred zinc enzymes alone.
metal ions, such as iron and copper, can also be used as redox carriers to carry out the role of electrons. In optical system II, four manganese atoms form an electric charge accumulator, which can accumulate the loss of four electrons, thus oxidizing two molecules of water at a time, releasing a molecule of oxygen, to avoid the formation of harmful intermediate products. The iron-copper center in the cytochrome oxidase has a similar function.
(ii), the
electrical chemistry
effect
and other constant ions using constant ions are high in the body fluids of organisms and have electrochemical effects. They are of great significance in maintaining the permeable pressure of body fluids, acid-base balance, forming membrane likeness and stabilizing the colloidal state of biomodulus.
biological elements have irreplaceable effects on life processes and must be kept in metabolic balance.
fluorine is an ingredient in bones and tooth glazes that exist in the form of fluorophosphate astite, which can make bone crystals longer, harder and resistant to acid corrosion. So adding fluorine to your diet can prevent tooth decay. Fluorine can also treat osteoporosis. However, when the fluorine content in the water reaches 2 mg per liter, it can cause plaque, tooth glaze, powder white, and in severe cases can produce caves. Fluorine is the inhibitor of oleolase and the activator of adenosine cyclase.
selenium deficiency is one of the causes of Keshan disease, and too much selenium can also cause diseases, such as seleniumate can cause cataracts.
sugar tolerance factor (GTF) can cause insulin to bind to the subject, while chromium can bind niacin, glycine, glutamate, cysteine, etc. to GTF.
some non-biological elements into the body, can interfere with the normal function of biological elements, thus showing toxic effects. Such as cadmium can replace zinc, so that zinc-containing enzymes insulate, so that people poisoned. Certain non-biological elements are beneficial to the human body, such as organic molybdenum can activate the celiac giant cells in mice, which mediate tumor cytotoxic and
antigen
submission, thus playing an immune surveillance, defense and anti-tumor role.
.