Nutrients: The fermented lemon is really sour!

Obesity is associated with many chronic metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes , hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension

Diabetes prevention

Obesity is caused by the growth of fat cells and increased accumulation of cytoplasmic triglycerides

The massive secretion of insulin will stimulate the sterol regulatory factor binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (ppar-γ) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα) Expression promotes the transformation of pre-adipocytes into mature adipocytes

Furthermore, adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) is considered the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes substituting the like to thank the key markers of disease

Among citrus fruits, lemon has beneficial properties such as anti-oxidation, anti-cancer, immune function regulation, regulation of blood lipids and blood pressure, and promotion of wound healing.

Among citrus fruits, lemon has beneficial properties such as anti-oxidation, anti-cancer, immune function regulation, regulation of blood lipids and blood pressure, and promotion of wound healing.

This study will establish its effective application in the prevention of obesity by studying the effect and mechanism of LFP on 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and lipid metabolism in Wistar rats fed high-calorie diets

This study will establish its effective application in the prevention of obesity by studying the effect and mechanism of LFP on 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and lipid metabolism in Wistar rats fed high-calorie diets

1.

1, 1, 1,

After 48 or 72 hours of LFP treatment at 0.

After 48 or 72 hours of LFP treatment at 0.

2.

The results showed that the viability of 3T3-L1 adipocytes did not decrease after treatment with 0.

3.

When the LFP concentration was 0.

When the LFP concentration was 0.

4.
The effect of LFP on the animal characteristics of rats fed with high-calorie feed

Effect of LFP on the animal characteristics of rats fed with high-calorie feed

After 9 weeks of feeding, the weight of the HD group was significantly higher than the other groups
.
Compared with the HD group, the body weight and weight gain of rats treated with LLFP, MLFP or HLFP were significantly reduced (p<0.
05)
.
Compared with the HD group, the adipose tissue of rats in the LLFP, MLFP and HLFP groups was significantly reduced
.

After 9 weeks of feeding, the weight of the HD group was significantly higher than the other groups
.
Compared with the HD group, the body weight and weight gain of rats treated with LLFP, MLFP or HLFP were significantly reduced (p<0.
05)
.
Compared with the HD group, the adipose tissue of rats in the LLFP, MLFP and HLFP groups was significantly reduced
.

5.
The effect of LFP on rat serum biochemical parameters

5.

At the end of the 9-week feeding period, the levels of serum TG, FFA, glucose and ketone bodies in the HD group were significantly higher than those in the ND group
.
Serum HDL-C and lipase levels in HD group were significantly lower than those in ND group
.
Compared with the HD group, LLFP, MLFP and HLFP significantly reduced serum TG and glucose levels (p<0.
05)
.
Compared with the HD group, MLFP and HLFP significantly reduced serum FFA and ketone body levels, and increased HDL-C levels and lipase activity (p<0.
05)
.

At the end of the 9-week feeding period, the levels of serum TG, FFA, glucose and ketone bodies in the HD group were significantly higher than those in the ND group
.
Serum HDL-C and lipase levels in HD group were significantly lower than those in ND group
.
Compared with the HD group, LLFP, MLFP and HLFP significantly reduced serum TG and glucose levels (p<0.
05)
.
Compared with the HD group, MLFP and HLFP significantly reduced serum FFA and ketone body levels, and increased HDL-C levels and lipase activity (p<0.
05)
.

6.
The effect of LFP on the pathology of rat epidermal fat tissue and liver tissue

6.

LLFP, MLFP and HLFP treatments significantly reduced the size of fat cells
.
In addition, compared with ND, HD has a significant increase in fat vacuoles (yellow arrow)
.
Compared with HD, the fat vacuoles (size and number) of LLFP, MLFP and HLFP are significantly reduced
.

Compared with ND, HD has a significant increase in fat vacuoles (yellow arrow)
.
Compared with HD, the fat vacuoles (size and number) of LLFP, MLFP and HLFP are significantly reduced
.

7.
The effect of LFP on the mRNA expression of epidermal fat and lipid metabolism-related genes in rats fed with high-calorie diet

7.
The effect of LFP on the mRNA expression of epidermal fat and lipid metabolism-related genes in rats fed with high-calorie diet

The mRNA levels of PPAR®, C/EBP® and SREBP-1c in the HD group were significantly higher than those in the ND group (p  <0.
05)
.
Compared with the HD group (< p  0.
05), the PPAR®, C/EBP® and SREBP-1c mRNA levels in the epidermal adipose tissue of the LLFP, MLFP and HLFP treatment groups significantly decreased
.
The mRNA levels of ATGL and HSL in the HD group were significantly lower than those in the ND group (p  <0.
05)
.
Compared with the HD group (p  <0.
05), the LLFP, MLFP, and HLFP treatment groups showed a significant increase in HSL mRNA levels in epidermal adipose tissue, and the MLFP and HLFP treatment groups also showed significant ATGL mRNA levels compared with the HD group Increase (p  <0.
05)
.

The mRNA levels of PPAR®, C/EBP® and SREBP-1c in the HD group were significantly higher than those in the ND group (p  <0.
05)
.
Compared with the HD group (< p  0.
05), the PPAR®, C/EBP® and SREBP-1c mRNA levels in the epidermal adipose tissue of the LLFP, MLFP and HLFP treatment groups significantly decreased
.
The mRNA levels of ATGL and HSL in the HD group were significantly lower than those in the ND group (p  <0.
05)
.
Compared with the HD group (p  <0.
05), the LLFP, MLFP, and HLFP treatment groups showed a significant increase in HSL mRNA levels in epidermal adipose tissue, and the MLFP and HLFP treatment groups also showed significant ATGL mRNA levels compared with the HD group Increase (p  <0.
05)
.
The mRNA levels of PPAR®, C/EBP® and SREBP-1c in the HD group were significantly higher than those in the ND group (p  <0.
05)
.
Compared with the HD group (< p  0.
05), the PPAR®, C/EBP® and SREBP-1c mRNA levels in the epidermal adipose tissue of the LLFP, MLFP and HLFP treatment groups significantly decreased
.
The mRNA levels of ATGL and HSL in the HD group were significantly lower than those in the ND group (p  <0.
05)
.
And HD group (p <0.
05) Compared with the LLFP, MLFP, and HLFP treatment groups, the HSL mRNA levels in the epidermal adipose tissue were significantly increased, and the MLFP and HLFP treatment groups also showed a significant increase in ATGL mRNA levels compared with the HD group (p  <0.
05 )
.

8.
The effect of  LFP on mRNA expression of genes related to lipid metabolism in rat liver

8,

The level of FAS MRNA in the HD group was significantly higher than that in the ND group (p  <0.
05)
.
LLFP, MLFP and HLFP did not affect the FAS mRNA level in the liver of rats on a high-calorie diet
.
The mRNA level of AMPK in the HD group was significantly lower than that in the ND group (p <0.
05)
.
Compared with the HD group, mRNA levels in the LLFP, MLFP and HLFP treatment groups increased significantly (p  <0.
05)
.

(P (p (p

In summary, the lemon fermentation product (LFP) inhibited the cell proliferation of 3T3-L1 pre-cells and reduced the accumulation of lipids in the cells
.
In addition, LFP can reduce the body weight and lipid accumulation of rats by regulating the mRNA expression of PPA+, C/EBP®, SREBP-1c, ATGL and HSL in adipose tissue and the mRNA expression of AMPK in the liver
.
LFP has the ability to regulate lipid metabolism, which may be caused by the increase in the content of limonene and total polyphenols after fermentation
.
All this shows that LFP has potential application value in preventing obesity and related diseases
.

In summary, the lemon fermentation product (LFP) inhibited the cell proliferation of 3T3-L1 pre-cells and reduced the accumulation of lipids in the cells
.
In addition, LFP can reduce the body weight and lipid accumulation of rats by regulating the mRNA expression of PPA+, C/EBP®, SREBP-1c, ATGL and HSL in adipose tissue and the mRNA expression of AMPK in the liver
.
LFP has the ability to regulate lipid metabolism, which may be caused by the increase in the content of limonene and total polyphenols after fermentation
.
All this shows that LFP has potential application value in preventing obesity and related diseases
.
Lemon fermentation product (LFP) inhibits the cell proliferation of 3T3-L1 pre-cells and reduces the accumulation of lipids in the cells
.
In addition, LFP can reduce the body weight and lipid accumulation of rats by regulating the mRNA expression of PPA+, C/EBP®, SREBP-1c, ATGL and HSL in adipose tissue and the mRNA expression of AMPK in the liver
.
LFP has the ability to regulate lipid metabolism, which may be caused by the increase in the content of limonene and total polyphenols after fermentation
.
All this shows that LFP has potential application value in preventing obesity and related diseases
.
Lemon fermentation product (LFP) inhibits the cell proliferation of 3T3-L1 pre-cells and reduces the accumulation of lipids in the cells
.
LFP has potential application value in preventing obesity and related diseases
.


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