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One of the first steps in an antibody-engineering project is the isolation of the immunoglobulin heavy (V
H
)- and light (V
L
)-chain variable-region genes that encode the binding domains of an antibody. This is best accomplished using the polymerase chain reaction (
PCR
). Before PCR, cloning antibody genes was a laborious process, requiring the creation and screening of genomic or c
DNA
libraries. PCR has streamlined the process considerably, simplifying tasks such as the isolation of V
H
and V
L
genes from hybridomas, and allowing entirely new approaches such as generation of large antibody fragment gene repertoires from immunized or na�ve hosts that can be displayed on filamentous phage (antibody phage display;
see
Chapter 8 ) (
1
) or in other display technologies (e.g., ribosome display;
see
Chapter 9 ).