Peptide drugs: from "old poisons" but "yellow pharmacists"

Some of the deadliest animals on Earth are poisonous, and venom is their deadly weapon, used to protect them from or attack, toxins are injected into the skin and turned into venom, and there are hundreds of deadly syringes in nature.
But humans have a long history of turning some of the most toxic substances on Earth into useful and even life-saving drugs, such as Botox, or Botox, which kills a million people in 1g, but paralyzes the face. Muscles, which can remove some wrinkles, are not limited to this, but Botox was first used in the treatment of eye diseases, such as cross-eye and eyelid convulsions, and is now used to prevent migraines, just one of many terrible substances that have been fully utilized.
scientists are increasingly turning the deadliest substances in animals into drugs that work well with a small amount, in other words, they are ideal drugs.
animal toxin peptide has a small molecular weight relative to other toxins, has a high specificity and molecular diversity, is directly encoded by genes, the dose is small but highly toxic, is the key physiological component of the action on the target organism.
As a result, animal toxin peptides are highly valued as a natural resource for drug development, a large number of drugs derived from animal toxin peptides have been approved for market by the FDA, and some peptide drugs derived from animal toxins are in clinical trials.
snake toxin peptide drug Snake venom is a mixture of enzymes and non-enzyme proteins/peptides, many drugs derived from snake toxin peptides have been used in clinical treatment.
A five-peptide compound extracted from the Braziliansnake Bothrops jaracaca venom is an enhancer of the peptide, which is tailored to its structure and modified with the smallest pharmaceutical group, Ala-Pro, to synthesize an oral drug, Captopril.
is a conventional drug for high blood pressure by increasing the activity of peptides and inhibiting clotting enzymes (ACE).
's structural modifications to Catopril have developed drugs such as Enalapril, Lisinopril, Ramipril and Fosinopril.
Tirofiban,found in Echiscarinatus, is asnake venom peptide simulator, an antiplate plateboard drug also known as glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor.
another antiplatelet drug, Eptifibatide, which is listed almost simultaneously with Tyrofiban, is a synthetic cyclopeptide that mimics the venom of the southeastern Jurassic python (Sistrurus miliariusbarbouri) and has a strong anti-integration effect.
studies showed that the use of ethyropris peptides in patients with acute coronary syndrome was slightly safer than that of tylopsine, but there was no significant difference in efficacy.
The oral anticoagulant Ximelagatra, from Cobra venom, is a vitamin K antagonist that has been approved in several European and South American countries, but the FDA has not approved a listing because elevated acetaminophen transferase (ALT) may increase the hepatotoxicity of the drug.
, the development of the compound was halted and withdrawn from the market in 2006.
Cenderitide, which comes from the venom of the Dendroaspis angusticeps, was the first toxin found toxin NP, which inhibits the degradation of neutral endopeptide enzymes, and preliminary clinical data suggest that Cenderitide improves kidney function.
phase I and II trials have been completed in patients treated with Cederitide, but researchers are concerned that adverse reactions to the drug may outweigh the benefits.
Cobratoxin injections and oral analgesics extracted from Cobra's snake venom short chain α-neurotoxin" have the characteristics of strong analgesic effect, long duration of drug effectiveness, small addictiveness, etc., as an effective analgesic drug has been used in clinical treatment for many years.
recent studies have shown that cobra neurotoxins can produce central analgesics and high analgesics through adenosine A1 and A2 subjects, which are stronger than morphine.
In addition, cardiac toxin III (also known as cytotoxin III) isolated from Cobra venom in Taiwan can prevent the migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells without causing apoptosis or cell cycle stagnation.
Hemocoagulase Agkistrodon is a double-stranded snake venom coagulase (svTLE), with good hemostagnosis activity, safe, small side effects, listed as a national-level drug (commodity name Suling), Phase III clinical trials show good healing and hemostation function.
Scorpion toxin peptide drug Scorpion is a valuable resource of traditional Chinese medicine in China, Chinese medicine believes that it has the effect of anti-spasms, pain relief and anti-venom, mainly used for convulsions, epilepsy, spasms, stroke, tethrosis and cancer and other diseases diagnosis and treatment.
scorpion venom, present in the toxic gland tissue of the tail of a scorpion, is a complex composition, including neurotoxins, cytotoxic peptides, proteases and other toxic components, is a variety of biologically active proteins or peptides mixture.
combination of these toxins with ion channel specificity can block channel currents or change the gated dynamics, thereby changing the permeability of the cell membrane.
the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus venom found chlorotoxin peptides in the body can delay the activity of human glioma cells.
venom of Venezuelan scorpion Tityus dispans, which has antibacterial and parasite-resistant activity and inhibits the growth of leishmaniasis in-body.
bengalin, a toxin protein found in Indian black scorpions, can cause apoptosis of human leukemia cells and improvements in biophysics of osteoporosis in female rats.
α-neurotoxin found in scorpion venom can slow the infraction of sodium channels at nerve muscle connections, which can enhance neuromuscular reflexes and gastric contractions, and theoretically treat sleep apnea.
anemone toxin peptide drug anemone is one of the oldest living toxic animals.
, like other members of the hedgehog door, have many special hedgehog cells that are widely distributed throughout the body.
ShK toxin isolated from anemones is an effective Kv1.3 channel blocker, which is essential for the activation of human-effect memory T cells (proliferation and cytokine production), and ShK treats T-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis.
Kv1.3 blocker is also considered a target for the treatment of obesity, and ShK toxins have potential uses in the treatment of obesity and insulin resistance.
ShK-186, a similar to the ShK toxin, now known as the Darazatide drug, has successfully completed clinical trials and entered the drug market for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
drug otter toxin hydropeptide, is an important Chinese medicine, with the treatment of cerebral hemorrhage and other thrombosis-related diseases and other roles.
an effective anticoagulant, otters, in their salivary glands.
inhibits the formation of blood clots and prevents the host blood from clotting.
pharmacological studies show that otters have anticoagulant, anti-thrombosis, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-plateplate aggregation, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, improved blood rheology and protection against isterosis and refill damage to the brain.
anticoagulants based on otters include recombinant lepirudin and Desirudin and bivalirudin, a hydrocodrin-liker.
Lepirudin was approved by the FDA to treat heparin-related plate plateroid reduction (HIT) and related thromboembolism diseases, but was withdrawn in 2012 for commercial reasons.
is approved by the FDA to prevent deep vein thrombosis (DVT) after the hip or knee forming.
Bivalirudin is approved by the FDA for the treatment of unstable angina after interventional treatment of the coronary artery (PCI), and the risk of HIT or HIT increases.
but the use of these clotting enzyme inhibitors has several disadvantages, such as bleeding, strong dependence on kidney function, lack of antidotes, and rebounding high coagulation.
, there is an urgent need to develop efficient and safe anticoagulant hydrocodrin derivatives.
Although there are still a large number of animal toxins have not yet been developed, animal toxin peptide drugs in clinical application has made great achievements, so that more people are aware of the great potential and prospects of animal toxin peptide drug research and development.
the effectiveness and safety of many animal toxin drugs in clinical treatment have yet to be further verified, so drug development based on animal toxins also has great challenges.
1.Venom peptides as therapeutics: advances, challenges and the future of venom-peptide discovery 2.Peptides from venom Current: status and potential.