Pure lineage is false: almost all modern humans "have an unusually complex history of mixing, mating and migration"

When the first bus full of Syrian and Iraqi migrants drove into Germany two years ago, some towns became overwhelmed.
Sumte, which has 102 people, had to take in 750 asylum seekers.
most of the villagers are active and practice Germany's "welcome culture".
however, a self-proclaimed neo-Nazi in the local parliament said that by allowing an influx of migrants, Germans were at risk of "the destruction of their own genetics" and of becoming a "grey hybrid".
fact, Germans do not have unique genes that need to be protected.
scientists who have studied the origins of ancient humans say the Germans and all the other Europeans are already mixed races, descendants of recurring ancient immigrants.
almost all native Europeans are descendants of at least three mass migrations in the past 15,000 years, including two from the Middle East, according to a new study from the United States.
migrants are spread across Europe, mixed with previous migrants, and then remixed to form what is today's Europeans.
using a transformative new method to analyze DNA and isotopes found in bones and teeth, scientists are exploring the origins of a number of global populations, including Germans, ancient Africans and Kashmiris.
" we can prove that someone is purely of descent is false.
," said Lynn Jorde, a demographer at the University of Utah.
contrast, almost all modern humans "have an unusually complex history of mixing, mating, and migration."
the end of World War II, many scholars withdrew from immigration studies in response to the Nazis' misuse of history and archaeology.
the Nazis defended the genocide by promoting the idea of "foreign" people immigrating to German territory.
" entire field of immigration research is heavily influenced by ideology.
," said Kristian Kristiansen, an archaeologist at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden.
some researchers have also objected to the idea that immigration contributes to the proliferation of key innovations, such as farming, in part because it may mean that specific groups of people are superior.
, researchers do not have a reliable way to track prehistors.
"most archaeological evidence of immigration is based on artifacts, but they may be stolen or copied."
, they are not a great example of the movement of real people.
, an archaeologist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison who tracked ancient immigrants by analyzing isotopes, said.
but now the new approach has gathered clearer evidence of immigration, fueling an outbreak of research.
isotopes studied by Price and others correspond to local water sources and food, thus revealing where people grew up and whether they subsequently immigrated.
provide a "gold standard" for proving which populations are associated with DNA from ancient bones and contemporary people.
the latest figures confirm that humans have always had a "roaming habit" and are eager to mix with all kinds of strangers.
the original Homoth appeared in Africa, several gangs of people came out of the continent about 60,000 years ago and integrated into Neanderthals and other early Homoth branches.
, almost all humans outside Africa carry traces of ancient DNA.
three mass migrations are just one part of a mix of immigrants and races.
, a demographer at Harvard University, says that although the original Europeans came from Africa and settled there about 43,000 years ago through the Middle East, some of the pioneers had little to do with today's Europeans.
his team studied the DNA of 51 Europeans and Asians living between 45,000 and 7,000 years ago.
they found that most of the DNA of contemporary Europeans originated from three mass migrations and began as hunter-gatherers who came here from the Middle East when glaciers receded between 19,000 and 14,000 years ago.
second migration, which took place about 9,000 years ago, farmers from northwestern Anatolia (now Greece and Turkey) began to pour in.
large-scale migration of farmers swept across the continent.
ancient DNA records that they arrived in Germany and were associated with the line pottery culture between 7,500 and 6,900 years ago.
For example, a 7,000-year-old woman from Stuttgart had the genetic characteristics of these farmers, distinguishing her from eight hunter-gatherers who lived in Luxembourg and Sweden only 1,000 years earlier.
in contemporary European populations, Sardinias retained the most DNA from these early farmers.
early farmers showed that they had brown eyes and black hair.
2015, a study using ancient DNA to calculate the ratio of men to women on farms showed that the farmers migrated as families and "cleaned themsies" for some time before mixing with local hunter-gatherers.
contrasts sharply with the third mass migration, which began about 5,000 years ago.
, there was an influx of herders from the northern Black Sea savannah, now russia.
, an archaeologist at Hartwick College in New York, said the herders, known as the Yanayas, graze cattle and sheep, some of them riding newly domesticated horses.
successful combination, published recently in the journal Antiquities, Kristiansen and Eske Willerslev, a paleontologist at the University of Copenhagen, report that the sex ratio in the early yannayan cemeteries in central Europe suggests that the majority of new immigrants are men.
because fewer women arrive together, these tall strangers can't wait to pursue or abduct the daughters of local farmers.
According to Price, who analyzed the Yanayas, their bones were buried with the bones of women who lived on the farm as children shortly after the Yanaya invasion, based on the nitrids and nitrogen isotopes in their bones.
between yannayas and descendants of Anatolian farmers catalysed the birth of the famous rope-print culture.
Kristiansen, a local designer, says the culture of rope patterns is known for its unique pottery engraved with wired patterns.
DNA analysis suggests that these people may have inherited the Yanaya gene that makes them look higher.
meanwhile, they may also have a mutation that allows them to digest lactose in milk.
mutation was very rare at the time and spread rapidly.
's a successful combination.
have many offspring, and the latter spread rapidly throughout Europe.
a study published by Kristiansen and Reich shows that they were one of the ancestors of the bell-shaped bea cup culture in central Europe known for its drinking containers.
large-scale Yannaya migration all the way to the Irish coast.
," says Dan Bradley, a demographer at Trinity College Dublin.
his team reported this year that pots and DNA from the bell-shaped cup culture appeared in a cemetery on Rathlin Island, near the coast of Northern Ireland, about 4,000 years ago.
latest research suggests that the legendary Herman himself was a hybrid of post-ice hunter-gatherers, Anatolian farmers and Yanaya herders.
most other Europeans, including the ancient Romans whose empire was destroyed by Aminius.
the mix of these three groups in Europe is not the same, with a different proportion of each migration and a small number of other ancestry.
, however, these bizarre patterns rarely match the stories people tell about their ancestors.
, for example, the Basques of northern Spain, who have a unique language, have always considered themselves a distinct people.
, however, last year Mattias Jakobsson, a demographer at Uppsala University, reported that the DNA of modern Basques was most similar to that of ancient farmers who lived in northern Spain before the Yanayas migrated.
in other words, the Basques are part of a common European mix, even though they carry less Yanaan DNA than other Europeans.
.