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Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death in countries around the world and in China, and hypercholesterolemia is considered an important risk factor for CHD
Countries around the world - A meta-analysis shows an inverse relationship to intake ; - Amount-response relationship
There was high heterogeneity in the LDL-C-lowering effect of oatmeal across different dietary interventions, possibly due to differences in the tested products and possibly individual differences among subjects
There was high heterogeneity in the LDL-C-lowering effect of oatmeal across different dietary interventions, possibly due to differences in the tested products and possibly individual differences among subjects
This study measured plasma lipid profiles, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and Fecal microbiota, to explore the relationship between blood lipids, gut microbiota and plasma SCFAs in mildly hypercholesterolemic Chinese population through metagenomic and metabolomic methods
1.
1.
2.
2.
TC decreased significantly at 30 and 45 days post-intervention (p 5.
Compared with baseline (day 0), LDL-C was significantly lower in the oat group after 30 and 45 days of intervention (p < 0.
3.
3.
Abundance of
4.
4.
There were no significant differences (Supplementary Figures S1-5)
Oat intake significantly increased the relative abundances of dialister, Butyrivibrio and Paraprevotella and decreased the unclassified f-Sutterellaceae (Fig.
2B)
.
Oat intake leads to significant changes in specific members of the gut microbiota
Pathway analysis showed that 45 days of oat consumption induced significant differences in metabolic pathways such as fatty acid metabolism and fatty acid biosynthesis (as shown in Fig.
3A–C) .
fatty acid metabolism and fatty acid biosynthesis (as shown in Fig.
3A–C) .
There are significant differences in isometabolic pathways (as shown in Fig.
3A–C)
.
The CAZy database showed some changes in various carbohydrate enzyme profiles after oat intervention , including increases in carbohydrate esterases and glycosyltransferases , as shown in Figure 4
.
.
Several changes in various carbohydrate enzyme profiles, including increases in carbohydrate esterases and glycosyltransferases
5.
The relationship between microbiota and blood lipid parameters
The relationship between microbiota and blood lipid parameters 5.
The correlation results showed that in the oat group, Bifidobacterium was negatively correlated with LDL-C (p = 0.
01, r = −0.
31)
.
Lactobacillus was positively correlated with LDL-C (p = 0.
03, r = 0.
29)
.
01,r =−0.
31)
.
Lactobacillus was positively correlated with LDL-C (p = 0.
03, r = 0.
29)
.
TC and LDL-C were negatively correlated with Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (p = 0.
02, r =−0.
29; P = 0.
03, r =−0.
27)
.
HDL-C was negatively correlated with Roseburia (p = 0.
01, r = −0.
31) (Fig.
5A)
.
In the control group, Akkermancia muciniphila was negatively correlated with HDL-C (p = 0.
006, r = −0.
40), and Bacteroidaceae was positively correlated with TC (p = 0.
01, r = 0.
31) (Fig.
5B)
.
02, r = −0.
29; Faecalibacterium prausnitzii ( P = 0.
03, r = −0.
27)
.
Roseburia) was negatively correlated (p = 0.
01, r = −0.
31) (Fig.
5A)
.
In the control group, Akkermancia muciniphila was negatively correlated with HDL-C (p = 0.
006, r = −0.
40), Bacteroidaceae was positively correlated with TC (p = 0.
01, r = 0.
31) (Fig.
5B)
.
Akkermansia mucin-degrading bacteria (
6.
SCFA changes
SCFA changes 6.
Compared with day 0, oat intake for 45 days significantly increased plasma acetate (p = 0.
03) and propionate (p = 0.
05) levels; notably, there were similar increases in the control group (p = 0.
01 for acetate, p = 0.
01 for propionate acid p = 0.
009)
.
No significant effect of oat intake was found in other SCFAs
.
Furthermore, for all SCFAs assayed, the pattern of changes in SCFAs was similar between the two groups
.
Table 4 shows the detailed changes in plasma SCFAs between and within each group over the course of the experiment
.
03) and propionate (p = 0.
05) levels; notably, there were similar increases in the control group (p = 0.
01 for acetate, p = 0.
01 for propionate acid p = 0.
009)
.
No significant effect of oat intake was found in other SCFAs
.
Furthermore, for all SCFAs assayed, the pattern of changes in SCFAs was similar between the two groups
.
Table 4 shows the detailed changes in plasma SCFAs between and within each group over the course of the experiment
.
7.
The relationship between microbiota changes and SCFA changes
The relationship between microbiota changes and SCFA changes
The results showed that in the oat group, Enterobacteriaceae was significantly positively correlated with butyric acid and valeric acid (p < 0.
001, r = 0.
51; P = 0.
045, r = 0.
26) and negatively correlated with isobutyric acid (P = 0.
001) , r=−0.
42)
.
Rosetella was significantly positively associated with propionate, butyrate, and valerate (p = 0.
04, r = 0.
26; p<0.
001 , r = 0.
57; p<0.
001 , r = 0.
43), but not with isobutyrate and hexenoic acid were negatively correlated ( p = 0.
01, r = −0.
42; p = 0.
04, r = −0.
27)
.
Faecalibacterium prevotella was negatively correlated with isobutyrate (p = 0.
001, r = −0.
41), but positively correlated with butyrate and valeric acid ( p = 0.
005, r = 0.
35; p = 0.
002, r = 0.
38, respectively)
.
The detailed correlation coefficients are shown in Fig.
6A
.
001, r = 0.
51; P = 0.
045, r = 0.
26) and negatively correlated with isobutyric acid (P = 0.
001) , r=−0.
42)
.
There was a significant positive correlation between Rosetella (p = 0.
04, r = 0.
26; p < 0.
001 , r = 0.
57; p < 0.
001 , r = 0.
43), p p Faecalibacterium prevotii (p p p detailed correlation coefficients are shown in Figure 6A shown
.
In the control group, Bifidobacterium was significantly positively correlated with acetate, propionate, and caproate (p = 0.
01, r = 0.
34; P = 0.
03, r = 0.
28; P = 0.
02, r = 0.
32)
.
There was a significant positive correlation between A.
myxophila and acetic acid (p = 0.
02, r = 0.
37)
.
Enterobacteriaceae was significantly positively correlated with butyric acid, valeric acid (p < 0.
001, r = 0.
59; p = 0.
01, r = 0.
33, but negatively correlated with isobutyric acid (p = 0.
001, r = −0.
44)
.
Roth 's The bacteria were significantly positively correlated with butyric acid and valeric acid (p < 0.
001 , r = 0.
41; p < 0.
001, r = 0.
57; p = 0.
04, r = 0.
26)
.
p = 0.
03, r = 0.
29) .
Clostridium perfringens was significantly positively correlated with isobutyric acid and isovaleric acid (p = 0.
02, r = 0.
45; P = 0.
03, r = 0.
45) .
The detailed correlation coefficients are as follows : shown in Figure 6B .
01, r = 0.
34; P = 0.
03, r = 0.
28; P = 0.
02, r = 0.
32)
.
There was a significant positive correlation between A.
myxophila and acetic acid (p = 0.
02, r = 0.
37)
.
Enterobacteriaceae was significantly positively correlated with butyric acid and valeric acid (p In the control group, Bifidobacterium was significantly positively correlated with acetate, propionic acid, and caproic acid (p = 0.
01, r = 0.
34; P = 0.
03, r = 0.
28) ; P = 0.
02, r = 0.
32)
.
Akermansia muciniphila was significantly positively correlated with acetic acid (p = 0.
02, r = 0.
37)
.
Enterobacteriaceae was significantly positively correlated with butyric acid and valeric acid (p < 0.
001 ).
, r = 0.
59; p = 0.
01, r = 0.
33, but negatively correlated with isobutyric acid (p = 0.
001, r = −0.
44)
.
Rosetella was significantly positively correlated with butyrate and valeric acid (p Rosetella with Butyric acid, valeric acid showed a significant positive correlation (p < 0.
001, r = 0.
41; p < 0.
001, r = 0.
57; p = 0.
04, r = 0.
26)
.
Fusobacterium pralinenus was significantly positively correlated with butyric acid (p = 0.
26).
0.
03, r = 0.
29)
.
Clostridium perfringens was significantly positively correlated with isobutyric acid and isovaleric acid (p = 0.
02, r = 0.
45; P = 0.
03, r = 0.
45)
.
There was a significant positive correlation between Fusobacterium pralinenii and butyric acid (p = 0.
03, r = 0.
29) .
Clostridium perfringens was significantly positively correlated with isobutyric acid and isovaleric acid (p = 0.
02, r = 0.
45; P = 0.
03, r = 0.
45) .
There was a significant positive correlation with butyrate (p = 0.
03, r = 0.
29)
.
Clostridium perfringens was significantly positively correlated with isobutyric acid and isovaleric acid (p = 0.
02, r = 0.
45;P = 0.
03, r = 0.
45)
.
The detailed correlation coefficients are shown in Fig.
6B .
The detailed correlation coefficients are shown in Fig.
6B.
8.
Relationship between SCFA changes and blood lipid parameters
The results showed that isobutyric acid was positively associated with LDL-C in all participants (r = 0.
21, p = 0.
006)
.
Furthermore, isovaleric acid was positively correlated with TG (r
= 0.
25, p = 0.
001) and non-HDL-C (r = 0.
20, p = 0.
012) .
HDL-C was negatively correlated with butyrate (r = −0.
20, p = 0.
009), isovaleric acid (r = −0.
23, p = 0.
003), and valeric acid (r
= −0.
17, p = = 0.
029) .
In the oat group, HDL-C was negatively correlated with valeric acid (p = 0.
02, r = −0.
25)
.
TG was positively correlated with isovaleric acid in the oat group (p
= 0.
03, r = 0.
23) .
Furthermore, in the oat group, there was a positive correlation between LDL-C and propionic acid (p = 0.
049, r = 0.
22) and between LDL-C and isobutyric acid (p = 0.
02, r = 0.
24)
.
There was a significant negative correlation between acetate:propionate ratio and LDL-C (r = −0.
30, p = 0.
005)
.
Detailed correlation coefficients for all participants and each group are shown in Fig.
7A-C, respectively
.
To sum up, in this randomized controlled study, the results of a group study of mildly hypercholesterolemic subjects from three centers in China (Beijing, Nanjing and Shanghai) showed that eating 80 grams contained 3.
0 grams of beta glucan and 56.
8 mg of polyphenols of oatmeal for 45 days can effectively reduce TC and LDL-C in Chinese hypercholesterolemic subjects
.
Additionally, oat consumption significantly increased the abundance of bacteria previously shown to protect against metabolic disease, obesity and coronary heart disease, particularly Akkermansia mucinophila and Roseburia, as well as other members of the gut microbiota that produce glycation and butyrate
.
Remodeling of the microbiome resulted in a significant increase in the relative abundance of genes involved in microbiome fatty acid biosynthesis and fatty acid metabolism
.
The results also showed that oat intake significantly increased fasting plasma acetate and propionate concentrations, providing a possible mechanistic link between oat-induced microbiota regulation and blood cholesterol homeostasis
.
Although the reduction in TC in the control group was also accompanied by an increase in plasma acetate and propionic acid concentrations, oat intake resulted in a greater reduction in TC (7.
8%) compared to the control group (3.
9%)
.
.
The abundance of bacteria previously shown to protect against metabolic disease, obesity and coronary heart disease, particularly Akkermansia mucinophila and Roseburia, and other members of the gut microbiota that produce glycation and butyrate
.
This resulted in a significant increase in the relative abundance of genes involved in microbiome fatty acid biosynthesis and fatty acid metabolism
.
Fasting plasma acetate and propionate concentrations provide a possible mechanistic link between oat-induced microbiota regulation and blood cholesterol homeostasis
.
Although the reduction in TC in the control group was also accompanied by an increase in plasma acetate and propionic acid concentrations, oat intake resulted in a greater reduction in TC (7.
8%) compared to the control group (3.
9%)
.
In conclusion , oat consumption significantly reduced TC and LDL-C and also mediated prebiotic effects on the gut microbiome, whose ability to modulate the microbiome was shown to be comparable to that in mildly hypercholesterolemic individuals.
Preliminary causality in cholesterol-lowering capacity
.
Original source:
Dengfeng Xu, et al.
The Prebiotic Effects of Oats on Blood Lipids, Gut Microbiota, and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Mildly Hypercholesterolemic Subjects Compared With Rice: A Randomized, Controlled Trial.
Front.
Immunol.
, 09 December 2021 | https://doi.
org/10.
3389/fimmu.
2021.
787797
Immunol.
, 09 December 2021 | https://doi.
org/10.
3389/fimmu.
2021.
787797Leave
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