Read the "express little prince" in the biological world: interstitial stem cell exosomes.

Guide: Exosome is a kind of vesicle, its existence is like the cell between the "express little prince."
years, many studies have shown that interstate stem cells have broad application prospects in the field of regenerative medicine, and new stem cell drugs have been approved for market internationally.
stem cells themselves, exosomes derived from stem cells have also become the focus of medical attention, bringing new ideas for the treatment of diseases.
, for example, interstitial stem cell exosomes have been widely used in the clinical treatment of a variety of diseases, including neocephal pneumonia, Alzheimer's disease, endometrial damage and other diseases.
, what is an interstitial stem cell exosome? What biological characteristics does it have and how does it get it? What role does it play in disease treatment? This article will be revealed for you.
exosomes: "Express Little Prince" exosomes between cells have attracted the attention of many researchers at home and abroad since they were first discovered in the 1980s.
In 1983, exosomes were first found in web-woven red blood cells in rats; in 2007, researchers first discovered genetic materials such as microRNAs and mRNAs in exosomes, which also meant that exosomes may be new ways of transmitting information materials between cells; and in 2013 the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine awarded three scientists who jointly discovered the regulatory mechanisms for the accurate transport of substances in exosomes.
photo source: Literature: The exosome is a type of vesicle that exists like a "courier little prince" between cells.
economic development of modern society can not be separated from the logistics industry, the same, the human body's metabolism can not be separated from the exchange of information materials between cells, exosomes are the carrier of the exchange of information, exchange of substances.
exosome is defined as a membrane lipid vesicle with a diameter of 40-100nm formed by a series of regulatory processes such as "inner swallowing-fusion-outer excrete", through which functional proteins, mRNAs, microRNAs and other substances can be transported through exosomes.
, how does this "courier prince" communicate with the "target"? There are two main ways, one is through cell swallowing to be ingested into the cell, and the other is through membrane fusion with the target cell membrane fusion, and then directly release the substances contained in it and information to the target cells.
forms of exosomes are mutual.
Target cells secrete exosomes containing cell-specific RNA, which act on surrounding cells and induce their esotological recombination to obtain tissue-specific esotypes;
can I obtain and screen exosomes? Nowadays, the separation method of exosomes has several methods, such as super-speed centrifugal method, magnetic bead immune capture method, polymerization precipitation method, ultrafiltration method, gel chromatography method and so on.
hyper-centrifugal method: by gradually increasing the centrifugal speed to remove cell fragments and protein precipitation on the cells to obtain exosomes.
8-30 hours, can only process up to 6 samples at the same time, low yield, more cumbersome steps.
aggregation precipitation: simple operation, do not need too much equipment, but easy to be contaminated.
Ultrafiltration method: Ultrafiltration method is the use of small aperture ultrafiltration membrane centrifugation to separate exosomes, first low-speed centrifugation to remove supernatant cell fragments and protein precipitation, and then through centrifugation can obtain exosomes, the method is simple, time-saving, can ensure the integrity of exosome structure, but will sacrifice part of the purity.
magnetic bead immune capture method: by using the surface markers unique to the surface of the exosome to separate the exosome, with high specificity, easy to operate and other advantages, but low efficiency, isolated exosomes are susceptible to pH and salt concentration.
gel chromatography: This method is to first clear the media through the membrane to remove large molecule proteins, and then the filter through the chromatography, large molecular substances will be excreted, and finally get exosomes.
this method is time-expensive and the process is complex.
separation, the physical characteristics of the exosome can be screened, and the exosome diameter is between 40-100nm, so it can be directly observed by electron microscope and other methods.
second, interstitial stem cell exosomes have their own surface markers such as CD81, CD9, etc., which can be analyzed and identified by microflow cell analyzers, immunoprint analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorption tests.
exosomes play in the treatment of diseases? The study found that interstitial stem cell exosomes have the advantages of high differentiation potential, high survival rate after transplantation, no obvious adverse reactions, and contain a large number of and a wide variety of proteins, cytokines and biologically active substances.
plays an important role in anti-cardiomyocyte apoptosis, anti-cardiomyocyte damage, promotion of new blood vessel formation and anti-inflammatory.
has some application prospects in the prevention and treatment of acute myocardial infarction, hypertension, heart failure and cardiomyopathy.
Restoration of renal damage: The researchers found that the mRNA carried by the exosome inhibited the apoptosis of living cells by promoting the proliferation of epithelial cells in the inherent renal tube, thus allowing ischemic refilling acute renal damage rats to restore body function.
tests have shown that interstitial stem cell exosomes can significantly reduce renal function damage, mainly through interstitial stem cell exosomes RNA enzyme inactivated RNA.
to improve myocardial function: A recently published study showed that interstitial stem cell exosomes can significantly improve myocardial function and reduce myocardial fibrosis.
the research team used rats to study, divided into normal groups and treatment groups, according to the dose of rats injected exosomes, the results showed that the treatment group's left cerial blood score and left acetylasmic short axis shortening rate compared with the normal group were significantly reduced;
study found that interstitial stem cell exosomes may reduce scar formation in wound healing by inhibiting the conversion growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1)/Samd2 pathway.
photo source: Literature: Masson staining (x 200) A: normal group of rats after exosome therapy; B: dilated cardiomyopathy group; C: exosome low-dose group; D: exosome A 2015 study in the medium-dose group;E: Exosome High Dose Group found that interstitial stem cell-sourced exosome transplantation significantly improved the survival rate of myocardial cells, and was resistant to cardiomyocyte damage, promoted the formation of new blood vessels, and improved heart function.
Skin Repair: In recent years, researchers have linked exosomes to skin diseases, and found that exosomes not only participate in skin physiology and pathological processes, such as regulating the secretion of inflammatory cytokines in the skin microencourse, promoting angiogenesis and collagen deposition in skin defects, and regulating the proliferation and differentiation of skin fibroblasts, but also play a specific role in the transmission of information when lesions occur in the skin microencular environment.
study published in 2015 found that interstitial stem cell exosomes are rich in Wnt proteins that activate the beta-catenin signaling path, and that by activating the Erk1/2 signaling path path is regulating the expression of vascular genes - VEGFA, Cox-2, FGF2, etc., thus promoting the regeneration of deep post-traumatic blood vessels in the second-degree burn rat model, collagen synthesis protein and skin damage repair.
exosomes of intersynor-filled stem cells have been proved to have broad application prospects in many fields.
further exploration is needed in the future, including the establishment of effective and feasible preparation methods and application methods.
, which is different from cells, is characterized by more flexible and easier modification, so exosomes can be used as a new direction in disease treatment research.
we expect more research results from researchers.
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