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Seawater samples collected around the world have provided us with a treasure trove of new data on RNA viruses, expanding ecological research possibilities and reshaping our understanding of how these tiny but important submicroscopic particles evolved
By combining machine learning analysis and traditional evolutionary trees, an international team of researchers has identified 5,500 new RNA virus species - representing all five known RNA virus phyla, additionally stating the need for at least five new RNA virus phyla Virus gate virus gate to catch them
Of these, the most abundant newly discovered species belonged to a proposed phylum that the researchers named Taraviricota to identify the source of the 35,000 water samples that could be analyzed: Tara Oceans Consortium (Tara Oceans Consortium), an ongoing global study, Research the impact of climate change on the world's oceans in the Tara Confinement Chamber
"There's so much new diversity here - finding the entire phylum Tara aviricota in the ocean suggests that they are ecologically important
We want to study them in a very large-scale system, and we're lucky to study them here and explore an environment that no one has studied in depth, because almost every species is new, and many are truly new.
The study was published April 7, 2022 in the journal Science
While microbes are important contributors to all life on Earth, viruses that infect or interact with have various effects on how microbes function
The researchers note that learning more about viral diversity and diversity in the world's oceans will help explain the role of marine microbes in ocean adaptation to climate change
The ocean absorbs half of the carbon dioxide that humans produce from the atmosphere, and previous research by the team has shown that marine viruses are the "knob" of biological pumps, affecting how carbon is stored in the ocean
With the challenge of classifying RNA viruses, the group entered the waters of earlier, but still fluctuating, efforts to classify RNA virus pathogens
While the team found hundreds of new RNA virus species that fit within these existing classifications, their analysis uncovered thousands more and grouped them into five newly proposed phyla: Tara aviricota , Pomiviricota, On-axis viricota, Wamoviricota and Arctiviricota
Sullivan's team has long been classifying DNA virus species in the ocean, and the number has grown from thousands in 2015 and 2016 to 200,000 in 2019
In these current efforts to detect RNA viruses, there are no viral particles to study
The gene has reportedly evolved over billions of years in RNA viruses, but not in other viruses or cells
Since the existence of RdRp can be traced back to the time when life was discovered on Earth, considering that its sequence position has been deviated many times, this means that traditional phylogenetic tree relationships cannot be described by sequence alone
In response, the team used machine learning to organize 44,000 new sequences to deal with these billion-year-old sequence divergences, in addition to validating the method by demonstrating techniques for accurately classifying identified RNA virus sequences
"We have to contrast the known with the unknown
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We've created a computationally reproducible way to align these sequences, where we can be more confident that we're calibrating positions that accurately reflect evolution," Sullivan said
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He is also a professor of civil, environmental, and geodetic engineering, founding director of the Ohio Microbiome Science Center, and a member of the leadership team at the EMERGE Institute for Biointegration
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Further analysis using three-dimensional representations of sequence structures and alignments revealed that the cluster of 5500 new species did not fit into the five existing RNA virus phyla of the Orthornavirae kingdom
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"We compared our taxa to well-established, well-established phylogeny-based taxa, which allowed us to .
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we found that we have more taxa than existing ones
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Collectively, these findings allow the researchers to propose not only five new phyla, but at least 11 new coronavirus-like RNA viruses
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The group is preparing a proposal for ICTV to formalize candidate categories and categories
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The new data on the extent to which the RdRp gene diverged over time could help to better understand how early life on Earth might have evolved, Zayed said
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RdRp is considered one of the oldest genes - it existed before DNA was needed
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So we have to trace not only the origin of viruses, but also the origin of life
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"