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    Home > Biochemistry News > Biotechnology News > Review notes on sugar metabolism.

    Review notes on sugar metabolism.

    • Last Update: 2020-10-22
    • Source: Internet
    • Author: User
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    1.What does sugar do besides energy supply?
    not only a source of energy, it is also an important component of
    tissue
    cells, such as
    nucleic acid
    , protein polysaccharides, glycolipins, glycolipids, etc.. 2. How does glucose change into lactic acid under hypoxia? What's the point?
    reduction equivalent (NADH-H-plus) produced by glucose in the glycolysis pathway is reoxed to NAD-plus before the enzyme can continue. Because there is very little NAD-plus in the cells. Therefore, under hypoxia conditions, acetone acid can act as a hydrogen recipient, after receiving hydrogen into lactic acid to regenerate NAD plus. In this way, the glycolysis can continue.
    in vigorous exercise, the muscle is oxygen-deprived, the enzyme action is an important means of production capacity, and lactic acid accumulated in the muscle can be transported from the blood to the liver into glucose. Oxygen-free enzymes use only a fraction of the energy stored by glucose. But this way of releasing energy is very fast, is important for muscle contraction, in addition, cell tissues such as the retina, red blood cells and the brain, even in aerobic conditions to produce some lactic acid, where red blood cells due to wireless mitochondrials are more dependent on enzymes to supply energy.. 3. Try to describe the composition and catalytic
    of acetone
    dehydrogenase and dehydrogenase and chemical complex? What factors are regulated?
    acetone dehydrogenase complex consists of three different enzymes (acetone dehydrogenase, dihydrothionylamine transacetylase, dihydrothionylamine dehydrogenase). There are TPP, FAD, sulphate and NAD Plus and CoA participating. This enzyme catalysis is irreversible. It is also regulated enzymes, regulated by other effects and chemical modifications.. 4. How many regulatory enzymes are there in the TAC? What substances are they subject to? What reactions do they catalys?
    TAC has four regulatory enzymes, acetone acid dehydrogenase complex (which is not in TAC and is a step in the conversion of acetone acid to acetylCoA), citric acid compoundase, isocric acid dehydrogenase and α ketone dihydrogenase complex are key regulatory enzymes.
    acetone dehydrogenase complex (catalytic acetone acid to acetylCoA conversion) is strongly inhibited by its catalytic products ATP, acetylCoA and NADH, fatty acids;
    citric acid lysase (catalytic conversion of acetylCoA to citric acid): inhibited by NADH, Amber CoA, citric acid and ATP, activated by ADP.
    isoestric acid dehydrogenase (catalytic isocric acid to α ketone diacid conversion): inhibited by ATP, NADH, activated by Ca2 plus and ADP.α the conversion of ketone diacate (catalytic α tosterone diacin to amber coA): inhibited by amber coA, NADH; activated by Ca2 plus.. 5. What is the route of phosphate sugar? How do I react? What is the physiological significance?
    main metabolic pathways for glucose are glycolysis, as well as other metabolic methods, such as the phosphate route, which produces phosphate sugar and NADPH.
    6-Phosphate Glucose- NADP plus 6 Phosphate Glucate Inester, NADPH, H,
    6-Phosphate Gluconate, H2O, 6-Phosphate Glucose
    6-Phosphate Glucose, NADP, 5-Phosphate Glucose, CO2, NAPH, H,
    ,
    5- Phosphate ----,5-Phosphate kerucleose
    In some tissues, the phosphate pathway stops here, and the overall result is:
    6-Glucose phosphate plus 2 NADP plus H2O s.5-phosphate kerucleose s.2 NADPH plus 2H plus
    physiological significance: the glycosaccharide pathway produces phosphate glycogen, NADPH are available for synthesis of nucleic acid and other substances.. 6. How does the liver synthesize glycogen and how does it break down glycogen? What factors are regulated?
    glycogen is the form of animal sugar storage, the liver and muscles are the main place to store glycogen, liver storage glycogen is mainly used to maintain blood sugar concentration, supply the whole body use, and myo glycogen is for the muscle itself to produce ATP for contraction.
    decomposition of glycogen:
    glycogen s/Pi2- s1-phosphate glucose s/glycogen (degradation of a G) glycogen phosphatase catalysis α
    1-Phosphate Glucose
    6-Phosphate Glucose-H2O-Glucose-Pi2-
    Glycogen Synthesis:
    Glucose-ATP-6-Phosphate Glucose-ADP
    6-Phosphate Glucose-1-Phosphate Glucose
    1-Phosphate Glucose The formation of the branch chain of UDP-G and PPi
    UDP-G-glucose n-1-UDP
    branch chain: when the glycogen ensesin extends to a length of 11 glucosine bonds up to 11 glucose bases, the branch enzyme can transfer a chain of about 7 glucose residues to a chain of adjacent sugar chains to be connected by alpha1-6 glycoside bonds.
    the anabolic regulation of glycogen:
    Glycogen breaks down the metabolic pathway of glycogen phosphatase and glycogen synthesis pathway glycogen lysase are catalytic imbalance reactions. These two enzymes are regulatory enzymes for their respective metabolic pathways.
    1, glycogen phosphorylase is regulated by other structure effects and co-price modifications.
    2, glycogen lysase structure regulation and common price modification adjustment.
    cAMP (catalytic ATP by adenosine cyclase) is an important intracular signal for regulating glycogen phosphatase and glycogen lysase. The increase of cAMP in cells activates glycogen phosphorylase through two different mechanisms, and also inhibits glycogen cytosin through these two mechanisms.
    7. How do non-sugar substances turn into sugar? What enzymes are most noteworthy?
    glucose from non-sugar substances to become a glycoetic allogeneic effect. Non-sugar substances used include a variety
    amino acids
    /lactic acid, acetone acid, propionic acid and glyceros. The carbon of these substances becomes the carbon of glucose. For those cells and tissues that first metabolize energy from glucose, such as the brain, red blood cells, renal myelin, eye crystals, etc., the maintenance of blood sugar concentration, during the fasting period, it is dependent on sugar heterogeneity. The liver is an important organ of sugar heterogeneity and plays an important role in maintaining blood sugar concentration. (Sugar isogenetic is the irreversible reaction pathway used by different enzymes to bypass the enzyme.) Sugar dissobidies starting with lactic acid are as follows: in mitochondrials:
    Lactic acid (dehydrogenation) and lactic acid dehydrogenase, acetone acid, NADH (lactic acid dehydrogenase, in cell fluid)
    acetone acid, ATP4- HCO3- Acids and ADP3s-Pi2-Hs (acetone-acetate pyrenease)
    grass-acetic acid-GTP4-phosphate alcohol-type acetone acid (PEP) (phosphate alcohol-type acetone acetate
    kinase
    )
    phosphorus Oleol-type acetone acid transfer to cytosphate (sugar iso-birth in cell fluid)
    The following are in cytosine:
    PEP, 2-phosphate glyceric acid, 3-phosphate glyceric acid, 1,3 phosphoric acid, 3-phosphoric acid Glycerides , 1,6-phosphate fructose
    1, 6-phosphate fructose , H2O , 6-phosphate fructose , Pi2-
    6- phosphate fructose , 6 - phosphate glucose
    6- Glucose phosphate and H2O, glucose and Pi2-
    sugar isogenes areogeneous in several regulatory positions, namely, regulating the four enzymes involved in irreversible reactions: acetone acrylicase, phosphatol-type acetone kinase, fructose dioxide
    phosphatase
    and glucose phosphatase (dephosphorylation).
    8. How does ATP, AMP, NAD plus affect sugar metabolism?
    sugar metabolism produces ATP, NADH, which inhibits glycolysis.
    generally speaking, the other structure effects that activate the regulating enzyme of the sugar isogenous pathway are inhibited by the regulation enzyme of the enzyme-dissolving pathway.
    ATP increase is associated with AMP decline is conducive to sugar isogenation, lack of oxygen, lack of fatty acid oxidation and oxidation phosphorylation effect is inhibited or de-coupled, ATP concentration decreases, AMP activity increases, sugar isogeneity off, enzyme solution open. The increase of NAD-plus is beneficial to the development of sugar enzymes, and on the other way, to the heterogeneity of sugar. Grogen
    regulation of sugar heterogeneous effect is very important to maintain the body's stable state, hormone regulation of sugar isogenetics is actually regulating heterogeneous and enzymes of the two ways of regulation enzymes and regulation of the supply of fatty acids to the liver. Glucoglytin promotes the breakdown of fat in adipose tissue and increases plasma fatty acids, which also promotes sugar heterogeneity; Both glucoglycline and insulin can regulate glycoethogenicity by affecting the phosphorylation modification state of endoenzymes. Glucosin promotes phosphatization of bi-energy-supply enzymes (6 phosphate fructose kinase 2 and fructose-2,6-dphosphatase) through cAMP. . 9. What are the sources of blood sugar? Which way to go? What hormones have an important effect on maintaining blood sugar levels? How do they regulate blood sugar levels?
    blood sugar (normally 700 to 1100 mg/l) Source:
    1, after meals from the small intestine to absorb more glucose, blood sugar concentration increased;
    2, hepatic glycogen decomposition;
    3, non-sugar substance sugar isogenous.
    blood sugar to go:
    1, glycogen synthesis: after satiety, the body will be excess glucose in the blood in the form of glycogen storage;
    2, glucose for the body (brain and other tissues) for energy consumption, oxidation into CO2 and water;
    3, phosphate sugar pathway glucose into 5-phosphate RNA and NADPH;
    4, glucose enzyme production of acetylCoA can be converted into fat and amino acids, stored in the body.
    have hormones in their blood sugar levels: insulin, glucosin, epinephrine, epinephrine. Here's how these hormones regulate blood sugar levels.
    A insulin is secreted by β of the pancreas. Its secretion is controlled by blood sugar. An increase in blood sugar immediately causes it to secrete, and so does a drop in blood sugar. insulin is the only hormone in the body that lowers blood sugar. 1, promote muscle, fat cell carrier transport glucose into, 2, Reduced activity of glycogen phosphorylase (through inhibition of protein kinase A); increased activity of glycogen lysase (activation of glycogenase dephosphatase), accelerated synthesis of liver and muscle glycogen, 3, indirect activation of acetone dehydrogenase (acetone acid reaction from cytosin to acetylCoA, mitochondrials), accelerated oxidation of propylene acid into acetylCoA, 4, Inhibits the activity of phosphatol-type acetone kinase, promotes amino acids into muscle synthesis
    protein
    , thereby reducing glyco heresy. Lower blood sugar. 5, reduce adipose tissue mobilize fatty acids, promote the aerobic oxidation of sugar.
    B glucreatic glucemic gluin pancreas α secreted by cells. Raise blood sugar, as opposed to insulin, insulin and glucreatic glucemic.
    C adrenaline, a hormone that rapidly and powerfully raises blood sugar. It activates phosphatase by binding to liver and muscle cell membranes, produces cascading effects, accelerates glycogen decomposition, releases glucose from the liver, and outputs lactic acid from the muscles for liver heterogeneity. This works under stress.
    D adrenal cortisol promotes muscle protein breakdown, transports it to the liver for glycoglobin (when hungry), and inhibits glucose intake in extra-liver tissue, which raises blood sugar.
    .
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