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Just like spiders catch prey, our immune system cells cooperate to capture and "eat" bacteria
.
The newly discovered antibacterial mechanism, published in the journal Science Advances on September 10, may inspire new strategies against Staphylococcus aureus (Staphylococcus aureus) and other extracellular bacterial pathogens
.
It is well known that neutrophils-the first responding immune cells that migrate to the site of infection-can self-destruct and release their protein and DNA content, creating neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)
.
Now, researchers at Vanderbilt University, led by postdoctoral researcher Dr.
Dr.
Eric Skaar, director of the Vanderbilt Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, said: "The spider webs produced by neutrophils make the bacteria immobile.
Macrophages are spiders that eat and kill bacteria
.
"
Staphylococci-especially antibiotic-resistant staphylococci-are the main cause of hospital-acquired infections, infectious heart disease, and pus-forming skin and soft tissue infections
.
Both neutrophils and macrophages are phagocytes, known for absorbing bacteria and producing antimicrobial peptides, reactive oxygen species and other enzymes to fight infection
.
NET generation (NETosis), considered a form of programmed cell death, is a recently discovered antibacterial strategy for neutrophils, Skaar said
Monteith and his colleagues used the increased neutrophils of NETosis in animals and in vitro model systems to study the biological functions of NETs
.
They found that under isolation conditions, the increase in NETosis did not provide neutrophils with a killing advantage
"Macrophages ultimately not only have their own antibacterial arsenal, but also have an antibacterial arsenal of neutrophils, and they all kill bacteria in the same compartment," Skaar said
.
The increase in NETosis also promotes the killing of other bacterial pathogens by macrophages, including Streptococcus pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
.
The results indicate that neutrophil/net-macrophage cooperation is a widely used immune defense mechanism
The researchers also showed that eliminating a staphylococcal nuclease that can cut DNA makes the bacteria more susceptible to the killing of net macrophages
.
"It seems that extracellular pathogens like Staphylococcus have evolved to secrete nucleases, so they can cut these webs-cut the spider webs and escape,
" said Scarlet .
Blocking nucleases can make pathogens more sensitive to net-mediated killing, and may be a good antibacterial treatment strategy
.
Skaar said that this "anti-viral" method allows phagocytes and other immune cells to work and kill bacteria
He said: "Scientists are excited about the idea of anti-virus strategies, because we know a lot about the virulence mechanism of bacteria, and we can come up with creative ways to inhibit them
.
" However, current drug research focuses on drugs that directly kill bacteria.
Monteith, Skaar and colleagues are continuing to explore the problems of NETosis, including how and when neutrophils choose this form of cell death
.
They are also interested in how individual differences in NETosis—perhaps because of genetic variation or disease status—affect infection
DOI
10.
Neutrophil extracellular traps enhance macrophage killing of bacterial pathogens
